Global Climate Change is recognized to be one of the most striking challenges for humanity in the contemporary era. Presently, several areas of the world are exposed to the escalating occurrence of geographical and environmental alterations, the occurrence of severe weather events and a progressive territorial degradation. As consequence of the impact of climate change there is a growing tendency in migration and displacement. It is estimated that in 2050 there might as many as 200 million people in the world experiencing migration as consequence of climate change. The International Community is profoundly divided in debating the issue of climate change and the complex interdependency between climate change and migration. Some strongly advocate the need to officially accept the category of “environmental migrants” and “environmental refugees” in order to provide them international legal protection while others are skeptical in accepting the need to extend protection to groups of people which are presently still difficult to categorize. In order to understand the complexity of climate change, migration and legal protection it is useful to examine some practical cases. The Pacific Small Island States of Kiribati and Tuvalu, known as “sinking island” offer a valid examples in this context. Both countries are currently exposed to several long-term effects of climate change and constantly exposed to severe weather events like storm, hurricanes, tsunamis. They also have vulnerable socio-economic conditions and low index of development. According to the projections elaborated by the leading international advisory bodies it is estimated that in the very next future Kiribati and Tuvalu will risk to be extensively or completely submerged. Inhabitants are considering the option to migrate abroad although they are profoundly linked to their land and sea. Some have already tried to migrate abroad and those who asked legal protection for environmental reasons obtained unsuccessful outcomes because presently neither national legislations nor the international one provide a system of protection for people threatened by climate change. National governments are clearly aware that without efficient strategies to contain the threat of climate change and to regulate migration for environmental reasons there is little hope for I-Kiribati and Tuvaluans to save their future. The past years have seen some regional policy responses to ameliorate the level of cooperation among countries in the Pacific area concerning adaptation, mitigation and migration. However the challenge is still at stake and the need to maintain a collaborative attitude is stronger than ever.
Il cambiamento climatico è riconosciuto come una delle più grandi sfide per il presente ed il futuro dell’umanità. Attualmente molte aree nel mondo sono esposte a consistenti alterazioni ambientali, sono soggette all’intensificarsi di pericolosi eventi atmosferici e subiscono un progressivo deterioramento territoriale. Come conseguenza del susseguirsi di fenomeni imputabili al cambiamento climatico, c’è un rilevante aumento del fenomeno migratorio. Si stima che nel 2050 potrebbero esserci circa duecento milioni di “migranti ambientali” nel mondo. La comunità internazionale è profondamente divisa nella discussione relativa al complesso legame tra cambiamento climatico e migrazioni. Alcuni infatti sostengono fortemente la necessità di riconoscere e offrire protezione giuridica internazionale ai “migranti ambientali” mentre altri sono restii ad estendere la protezione giuridica ad una categoria attualmente ancora difficile da individuare e caratterizzare. Al fine di comprendere la complessità del rapporto tra cambiamenti climatici, migrazioni e riconoscimento internazionale, è utile esaminare alcuni casi concreti. I piccoli Stati insulari di Kiribati e Tuvalu nel Pacifico offrono un valido esempio a questo proposito. Entrambi i paesi sono attualmente esposti a diversi effetti del cambiamento climatico e frequentemente colpiti da gravi eventi atmosferici quali uragani, tempeste e tsunami. Gli stessi hanno anche condizioni socio-economiche vulnerabili e un basso indice di sviluppo. Secondo le proiezioni elaborate dai principali organi consultivi internazionali si stima che nel prossimo futuro Kiribati e Tuvalu rischieranno di essere parzialmente o totalmente sommersi. Gli abitanti di queste aree stanno considerando la possibilità di emigrare verso Stati limitrofi nonostante il loro profondo attaccamento alla terra e all’oceano. Alcuni hanno provato ad emigrare e color che hanno chiesto protezione legale per motivi ambientali non hanno ottenuto esito positivo poiché attualmente né a livello nazionale (salvo qualche eccezione) né a livello internazionale esiste un sistema di riconoscimento e protezione per i “migranti ambientali”. I governi di Kiribati e Tuvalu e degli altri Stati del Pacifico sono consapevoli che senza strategie efficaci a contenere la minaccia del cambiamento climatico e senza la possibilità di attuare politiche migratorie volte a proteggere coloro che sono esposti all’impatto del cambiamento climatico, c’è poca speranza per il loro futuro. Per questa ragione negli ultimi dieci anni c’è stato uno sviluppo nella determinazione di alcune politiche di integrazione regionale per migliorare il livello di cooperazione nella sfida al cambiamento climatico su molteplici fronti. Tuttavia la sfida è molto complessa e radicata e per questa ragione la necessità di mantenere una visione fortemente condivisa è più importante che mai.
Global Climate Change and "environmental migrants": features, implications and policy responses for Pacific Small Island Developing States
MANTOVANI, MARTA
2015/2016
Abstract
Global Climate Change is recognized to be one of the most striking challenges for humanity in the contemporary era. Presently, several areas of the world are exposed to the escalating occurrence of geographical and environmental alterations, the occurrence of severe weather events and a progressive territorial degradation. As consequence of the impact of climate change there is a growing tendency in migration and displacement. It is estimated that in 2050 there might as many as 200 million people in the world experiencing migration as consequence of climate change. The International Community is profoundly divided in debating the issue of climate change and the complex interdependency between climate change and migration. Some strongly advocate the need to officially accept the category of “environmental migrants” and “environmental refugees” in order to provide them international legal protection while others are skeptical in accepting the need to extend protection to groups of people which are presently still difficult to categorize. In order to understand the complexity of climate change, migration and legal protection it is useful to examine some practical cases. The Pacific Small Island States of Kiribati and Tuvalu, known as “sinking island” offer a valid examples in this context. Both countries are currently exposed to several long-term effects of climate change and constantly exposed to severe weather events like storm, hurricanes, tsunamis. They also have vulnerable socio-economic conditions and low index of development. According to the projections elaborated by the leading international advisory bodies it is estimated that in the very next future Kiribati and Tuvalu will risk to be extensively or completely submerged. Inhabitants are considering the option to migrate abroad although they are profoundly linked to their land and sea. Some have already tried to migrate abroad and those who asked legal protection for environmental reasons obtained unsuccessful outcomes because presently neither national legislations nor the international one provide a system of protection for people threatened by climate change. National governments are clearly aware that without efficient strategies to contain the threat of climate change and to regulate migration for environmental reasons there is little hope for I-Kiribati and Tuvaluans to save their future. The past years have seen some regional policy responses to ameliorate the level of cooperation among countries in the Pacific area concerning adaptation, mitigation and migration. However the challenge is still at stake and the need to maintain a collaborative attitude is stronger than ever.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/10535