The corpus of Latin astrological literature is small compared to the Hellenistic one, from which it is strongly influenced. It is from the III-II century a.C., namely, from the time of the greatest Hellenization of Rome, that there is a growing interest in astrology, whose differences with astronomy have not yet been emerged. There are indirect testimonies and fragments of intellectuals, philosophers and poets interested in the dissemination of astrological doctrines: for example, the translation of the Phaenomena of Aratus by Cicero and Germanicus. They, however, artistically translate the writings of their model, without creating an autonomous work on the literary and didactic level and without focusing on Roman reality. It is Manilius the first poet who engages in this type of experiment, writing five books on Astronomica (the existence of a sixth book is discussed). Then, it is necessary to wait until the first half of the fourth century, when Firmicus Maternus wrote in eight books the Mathesis, the second and last example of books on Roman astrology, dedicated to the powerful friend Mavortius and containing the praises of Constantine. A comparison between these two works is necessary, because they are inevitably linked by a relationship of dependence: Firmicus consults the Astronomica, being the only significant Latin model. However, he avoids mentioning the name of Manilius, so to present his work as the only complete astrology writing ever published in Rome, recognizing an innovative quality that should however be resized. In fact, it depends on Manilius especially in the linguistic sphere: there are many direct revivals of technicalities and proper names of stars and constellations, from duodecatemoria to horoscopus, from the denominations of celestial bodies to the decani, up to the translation of the Greek word κλρος. It is also interesting to note the dependence of chapters 6-17 of the eighth book of Mathesis, which focus on παρανατέλλοντα, with the fifth book of Manilius. This evidence allows us to affirm the realization of a compilation, that is as a resumption, without citing the name of Manilius. In the Mathesis there are however numerous innovations of specific Latin and Greek terms, not attested in the Astronomica: first of all zodiacus, then astrologus and mathematicus. Regarding them, being two different nouns, they must indicate two different concepts: here we can see a difference with Manilius era. In fact, a distinction began to emerge between astrology, the analysis of astral influences on the natural and human world, and astronomy, that is the study of the movements of stars and planets. This conceptual separation is not yet clear, but undoubtedly there has been an evolution in the semantic delimitation of terms, in conjunction with the development of a new conception of astrology, now also understood as scientia, no longer just as ars. The study of the stars, therefore, gradually takes on a more theoretical meaning, with the practical one. The Astronomica and the Mathesis, therefore, although written in different cultural contexts, appear as an attempt to ennoble astrology and to widen Latin technical vocabulary, inevitably influencing the science of following times, despite the Christian opposition to the theory of stars influences.
Il corpus della letteratura astrologica latina è esiguo rispetto a quello ellenistico, da cui è fortemente influenzato. È dal III-II sec. a.C., cioè dallepoca della più grande ellenizzazione di Roma, che c'è un crescente interesse per lastrologia, le cui differenze rispetto allastronomia ancora non si sono delineate. Ci sono testimonianze indirette e frammenti di intellettuali, filosofi e poeti interessati alla divulgazione delle dottrine astrologiche: ad esempio, la traduzione dei Phaenomena di Arato da parte di Cicerone e Germanico. Essi, tuttavia, traducono artisticamente gli scritti del loro modello, senza realizzare unopera autonoma sul piano letterario e didascalico e senza concentrarsi sulla realtà romana. È Manilius il primo che si cimenta in questo tipo di esperimento, scrivendo cinque libri di Astronomica (lesistenza di un sesto libro è discussa). Poi, è necessario attendere la prima metà del IV secolo, quando Firmicus Maternus scriva in otto libri la Mathesis, il secondo e ultimo esempio di libri di astrologia romana, dedicati al potente amico Mavortius e contenente le lodi di Costantino. È necessario un confronto tra queste due opere, inevitabilmente legate da un rapporto di dipendenza: Firmicus consulta gli Astronomica, essendo lunico modello significativo in ambito latino. Evita tuttavia di citare il nome di Manilius, così da presentare il proprio trattato come lunico scritto di astrologia completo mai pubblicato a Roma, riconoscendovi una qualità innovativa che dovrebbe però essere ridimensionata. Infatti, dipende da Manilius soprattutto in ambito linguistico: ci sono molte riprese dirette di tecnicismi e nomi propri di stelle e costellazioni, da duodecatemoria a horoscopus, dalle denominazioni dei corpi celesti ai decani, fino alla traduzione del greco κλρος. È interessante inoltre notare la dipendenza dei capitoli 6-17 dellottavo libro della Mathesis, che si concentrano sui παρανατλλοντα, con il quinto libro di Manilio. Questevidenza consente di affermare la realizzazione di una compilazione, cioè come ripresa, senza citazione del nome di Manilius, da parte di Firmicus. Nella Mathesis ci sono comunque numerose innovazioni di specifici termini latini e greci, non attestati negli Astronomica: innanzitutto zodiacus, poi astrologus e mathematicus. Riguardo a loro, essendo due sostantivi differenti, devono indicare due concetti differenti: qui si può notare uno scarto rispetto allepoca di Manilius. Inizia infatti a delinearsi una distinzione tra astrologia, intesa come analisi delle influenze astrali sul mondo naturale e umano, e astronomia, ossia lo studio dei movimenti delle stelle e dei pianeti. Questa separazione concettuale non è ancora netta, ma indubbiamente si è verificata unevoluzione nella delimitazione semantica dei termini, in concomitanza con lo sviluppo di una concezione nuova dellastrologia, ora intesa anche come scientia, non più solo come ars. Lo studio degli astri, quindi, assume gradualmente unaccezione più teorica, accanto a quella pratica. Gli Astronomica e la Mathesis, dunque, benché scritte in differenti contesti culturali, si configurano come un tentativo di nobilitare lastrologia e di ampliare il lessico tecnico latino, influenzando inevitabilmente la scienza delle epoche successive, nonostante lopposizione cristiana alla teoria degli influssi stellari.
L'ASTROLOGIA A ROMA DA ARS A SCIENTIA: UNO STUDIO SULLE INNOVAZIONI E SULLE INTERAZIONI TRA MANILIO E FIRMICO MATERNO
VIGHI, GLORIA
2018/2019
Abstract
The corpus of Latin astrological literature is small compared to the Hellenistic one, from which it is strongly influenced. It is from the III-II century a.C., namely, from the time of the greatest Hellenization of Rome, that there is a growing interest in astrology, whose differences with astronomy have not yet been emerged. There are indirect testimonies and fragments of intellectuals, philosophers and poets interested in the dissemination of astrological doctrines: for example, the translation of the Phaenomena of Aratus by Cicero and Germanicus. They, however, artistically translate the writings of their model, without creating an autonomous work on the literary and didactic level and without focusing on Roman reality. It is Manilius the first poet who engages in this type of experiment, writing five books on Astronomica (the existence of a sixth book is discussed). Then, it is necessary to wait until the first half of the fourth century, when Firmicus Maternus wrote in eight books the Mathesis, the second and last example of books on Roman astrology, dedicated to the powerful friend Mavortius and containing the praises of Constantine. A comparison between these two works is necessary, because they are inevitably linked by a relationship of dependence: Firmicus consults the Astronomica, being the only significant Latin model. However, he avoids mentioning the name of Manilius, so to present his work as the only complete astrology writing ever published in Rome, recognizing an innovative quality that should however be resized. In fact, it depends on Manilius especially in the linguistic sphere: there are many direct revivals of technicalities and proper names of stars and constellations, from duodecatemoria to horoscopus, from the denominations of celestial bodies to the decani, up to the translation of the Greek word κλρος. It is also interesting to note the dependence of chapters 6-17 of the eighth book of Mathesis, which focus on παρανατέλλοντα, with the fifth book of Manilius. This evidence allows us to affirm the realization of a compilation, that is as a resumption, without citing the name of Manilius. In the Mathesis there are however numerous innovations of specific Latin and Greek terms, not attested in the Astronomica: first of all zodiacus, then astrologus and mathematicus. Regarding them, being two different nouns, they must indicate two different concepts: here we can see a difference with Manilius era. In fact, a distinction began to emerge between astrology, the analysis of astral influences on the natural and human world, and astronomy, that is the study of the movements of stars and planets. This conceptual separation is not yet clear, but undoubtedly there has been an evolution in the semantic delimitation of terms, in conjunction with the development of a new conception of astrology, now also understood as scientia, no longer just as ars. The study of the stars, therefore, gradually takes on a more theoretical meaning, with the practical one. The Astronomica and the Mathesis, therefore, although written in different cultural contexts, appear as an attempt to ennoble astrology and to widen Latin technical vocabulary, inevitably influencing the science of following times, despite the Christian opposition to the theory of stars influences.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/10713