Introduction. Sydenham’s chorea (SC) is a manifestation of post-streptococcal rheumatic fever (RF) that affects the central nervous system. SC is believed to be an autoimmune disease mediated by cross-reactivity between streptococcal antigens and human tissue antigens. Involuntary nonstereotyped choreic movements affecting the four limbs and face that disappear during sleep are the cardinal sign of SC. Proposed treatments of SC include prophylactic penicillin therapy, administration of symptomatic drugs, and immunomodulatory therapy. Aims and Methods. This is an observational, retrospective, multicenter study. The aim of the study was to compare the epidemiology, clinical features, and pharmacological management of SC patients from 14 Italian pediatric Centers, to identify associated neuropsychiatric comorbidities and negative prognostic factors, and to assess the efficacy of current therapeutic approaches, describing the Italian experience. Results. We enrolled 171 patients, aged<18 years, recruited from January 2014 to December 2019, 108 females and 63 males (mean age: 9.34 years). They were divided in two groups based on the type of treatment: immunomodulant or immunomodulant+symptomatic to test prognostic factors. They were assessed for neurological severity at disease onset, at 6 and 12 months using the modified Rankin Score (mRS). 50 (34%) had hemichorea. Dysarthria was the most common neurological symptom apart from chorea (81 cases, 53.64%). Emotional lability was the most prevalent neuropsychiatric symptom at the onset (35.67%), at 6 (10.53%) and 12 months (5.16%). Other common psychiatric comorbidities were hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Additional therapy to penicillin was administered in 86.54% of cases. 124/171 patients (72.51%) received immunomodulant treatment, mainly corticosteroids (115 patients, 67.25%). The two groups of treatment did not show any difference in terms of mRS score (median mRS score was the same in the two groups: 3 at the onset and 0 at 12 months) and persistence of NPI symptoms, while the group “immunomodulant+symptomatic treatment” showed an increased prevalence of SC relapses (p-value=0.045, OR=3.83). Conclusion. This is the first multicenter study on SC in Italy. Our study seems to suggest that symptomatic treatment does not bring any motor outcome improvement and does not improve the NPI prognosis either. Finally, the use of symptomatic therapy seems to be associated with a higher risk of relapse in our study: further studies are needed to confirm this observation, in order to help delineate more evidence-based therapies for SC.
Introduzione. La Corea di Sydenham (SC) è una manifestazione della malattia reumatica che colpisce il sistema nervoso centrale. È considerata una patologia autoimmune conseguente a una cross-reattività anticorpale tra antigeni streptococcici e cerebrali, per mezzo di un meccanismo noto come “mimetismo molecolare”. I movimenti involontari che interessano i quattro arti e il viso rappresentano il segno cardine della patologia. Il trattamento raccomandato include terapia profilattica con penicillina e somministrazione di farmaci sintomatici o immunomodulanti. Scopo dello studio e metodi. Il presente studio è di tipo osservazionale, retrospettivo, multicentrico. Lo scopo dello studio era di comparare epidemiologia, clinica e gestione terapeutica della SC, di individuare fattori prognostici negativi e sintomi neuropsichiatrici (NPI) associati, e di valutare infine l’efficacia dell’approccio terapeutico attuale, descrivendo l’esperienza di 14 centri specializzati italiani. Risultati. Tra gennaio 2014 e dicembre 2019 sono stati arruolati 171 pazienti di età <18, 108 femmine e 63 maschi (età media 9.34 anni). Sono stati suddivisi in due gruppi di trattamento, immunomodulante e immunomodulante+sintomatico, al fine di valutare possibili fattori prognostici. La gravità del quadro neurologico è stata valutata all’esordio, a 6 e 12 mesi per mezzo della scala mRS. 50 pazienti (34%) hanno avuto emicorea. La disartria è stata la principale comorbidità neurologica. L’instabilità emotiva si è dimostrata il sintomo neuropsichiatrico maggiormente prevalente all’esordio (35.67%), a 6 (10.53%) e 12 mesi (5.16%). Una terapia aggiuntiva rispetto alla penicillina è stata somministrata nell’86.54% dei casi. 124/171 pazienti (72.51%) hanno ricevuto terapia immunomodulante, principalmente corticosteroidi (115, 67.25%). I due gruppi di trattamento non hanno dimostrato alcuna differenza in termini di mRS (la mediana dello score mRS all’esordio è stata 3, a 12 mesi 0, in entrambi i gruppi) e persistenza dei sintomi NPI, mentre il gruppo “immunomodulante+sintomatico” ha mostrato un’aumentata prevalenza di recidive (p-value=0.045, OR=3.83). Conclusioni. Il nostro è il primo studio multicentrico italiano sulla Corea di Sydenham. I risultati ottenuti sembrano dimostrare che l’aggiunta di trattamento sintomatico non comporti alcun miglioramento dei movimenti involontari né della prognosi neuropsichiatrica. Sembra piuttosto che l’uso di farmaci sintomatici rappresenti un fattore di rischio per lo sviluppo di recidive; ulteriori studi sono necessari per confermare questa osservazione e contribuire a delineare nuove linee guida terapeutiche evidence-based.
Clinical features of Sydenham's chorea in Italy: a retrospective pediatric multicentre study
AMATI, ANDREA
2019/2020
Abstract
Introduction. Sydenham’s chorea (SC) is a manifestation of post-streptococcal rheumatic fever (RF) that affects the central nervous system. SC is believed to be an autoimmune disease mediated by cross-reactivity between streptococcal antigens and human tissue antigens. Involuntary nonstereotyped choreic movements affecting the four limbs and face that disappear during sleep are the cardinal sign of SC. Proposed treatments of SC include prophylactic penicillin therapy, administration of symptomatic drugs, and immunomodulatory therapy. Aims and Methods. This is an observational, retrospective, multicenter study. The aim of the study was to compare the epidemiology, clinical features, and pharmacological management of SC patients from 14 Italian pediatric Centers, to identify associated neuropsychiatric comorbidities and negative prognostic factors, and to assess the efficacy of current therapeutic approaches, describing the Italian experience. Results. We enrolled 171 patients, aged<18 years, recruited from January 2014 to December 2019, 108 females and 63 males (mean age: 9.34 years). They were divided in two groups based on the type of treatment: immunomodulant or immunomodulant+symptomatic to test prognostic factors. They were assessed for neurological severity at disease onset, at 6 and 12 months using the modified Rankin Score (mRS). 50 (34%) had hemichorea. Dysarthria was the most common neurological symptom apart from chorea (81 cases, 53.64%). Emotional lability was the most prevalent neuropsychiatric symptom at the onset (35.67%), at 6 (10.53%) and 12 months (5.16%). Other common psychiatric comorbidities were hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Additional therapy to penicillin was administered in 86.54% of cases. 124/171 patients (72.51%) received immunomodulant treatment, mainly corticosteroids (115 patients, 67.25%). The two groups of treatment did not show any difference in terms of mRS score (median mRS score was the same in the two groups: 3 at the onset and 0 at 12 months) and persistence of NPI symptoms, while the group “immunomodulant+symptomatic treatment” showed an increased prevalence of SC relapses (p-value=0.045, OR=3.83). Conclusion. This is the first multicenter study on SC in Italy. Our study seems to suggest that symptomatic treatment does not bring any motor outcome improvement and does not improve the NPI prognosis either. Finally, the use of symptomatic therapy seems to be associated with a higher risk of relapse in our study: further studies are needed to confirm this observation, in order to help delineate more evidence-based therapies for SC.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/11621