To date, age-related diseases and, in particular, neurodegenerative diseases, represent a framework not fully explored because of the variety and complexity of their etiological factors ascribed to the exacerbation of a chronic, low-grade, pro-inflammatory status, known as Inflamm-aging (Franceschi et al., 2006). As a result of the failure of single-agent therapies against age-related diseases, the field of pharmacology and drug discovery has focused on the discovery and development of multi-target drugs. Consistently, the complex pathophysiology of age-related diseases suggests that addressing more than one target might be needed to set up a successful treatment. In collaboration with the group of chemists of the University of Bologna, held by Professor Rosini, we synthesized a set of new chemical entities, by combining the pharmacophoric elements of curcumin and diallyl sulfide. A previous study conducted in our laboratory showed that such compounds are able to induce the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway, thanks to the presence of (pro)electrophilic features, such as catechol moiety or Michael acceptor group, in their chemical structure (Serafini et al., 2020). Nrf2 is a redox-sensitive transcription factor regulating the coordinated induction of a wide battery of genes encoding phase II and detoxifying enzymes and counteracting the exacerbation of pro-inflammatory processes. In this regard, a growing body of evidence demonstrates the existence of a cross-talk between Nrf2 and Nuclear Factor Kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kappaB), that is one of major effectors involved in the transcription of inflammatory mediators, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines (Kobayashi et al., 2016; Thimmulappa et al., 2006). We tested the abovementioned compounds as pharmacological tools to evaluate whether the activation of Nrf2 pathway by compounds may interfere with the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, during immune stimulation, in human immortalized monocyte-like cell line (THP-1), using curcumin (CURC) as reference compound. Our data showed that all the compounds reduced LPS-induced secretion of TNF-alpha, but only compound 1 and 2 were capable to induce a complete activation of Nrf2 pathway, indicating that the modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine release cannot be ascribed to this transcription factor. Thus, we dissected the ability of compounds to modulate NF-kappaB pathway. In particular, compounds 2, 3, and 4, with the exception of compound 1, attenuated LPS-induced phosphorylation of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB, IkappaB, preventing its degradation via proteasome, as well as the nuclear translocation of NF-B, and its binding to kappaB sites on DNA. Altogether, these data demonstrated that the ability of compounds 2 – 4 to modulate secretion of TNF-alpha is correlated to the attenuation of LPS-evoked activation of NF-kappaB pathway, but not to the induction of Nrf2.
Attualmente, le malattie correlate all’invecchiamento e, in particolare, quelle neurodegenerative, rappresentano un problema clinico non del tutto risolto a causa della varietà e della complessità dei fattori eziologici, riconducibili all’esacerbazione di uno stato infiammatorio cronico, di bassa intensità, conosciuto come Inflamm-aging (Franceschi et al., 2006). In seguito al fallimento delle monoterapie, il campo della farmacologia e del drug discovery ha spostato la sua attenzione verso la ricerca e lo sviluppo di farmaci multi-target. Infatti, la complessa fisiopatologia delle malattie correlate all’invecchiamento rende necessario l’utilizzo di agenti farmacologici in grado di modulare diversi target biologici affinché si possano mettere in atto delle terapie efficaci. In collaborazione con il gruppo di chimici dell’Università di Bologna, guidato dalla Prof.ssa Rosini, è stata sintetizzata una libreria di composti che combina gli elementi farmacoforici di curcumina e diallil solfuro. Da un precedente studio condotto nel nostro laboratorio è emerso che tali composti sono in grado di indurre l’attivazione del pathway correlato al fattore di trascrizione Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2), grazie alla presenza di gruppi funzionali a carattere elettrofilo, come ad esempio la porzione catecolica o il gruppo accettore di Michael (Serafini et al., 2020). Nrf2 è un fattore di trascrizione sensibile ai fenomeni intracellulari di ossidoriduzione, che regola l’induzione di un’ampia gamma di geni codificanti enzimi di fase II ed enzimi detossificanti e che prende parte ai meccanismi volti a contrastare l’esacerbazione di processi pro-infiammatori. A questo proposito, un crescente numero di evidenze sperimentali dimostra l’esistenza di un cross-talk tra Nrf2 e il fattore di trascrizione NF-kappaB (Nuclear Factor Kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), principalmente coinvolto nella trascrizione di mediatori dell’infiammazione, come ad esempio citochine pro-infiammatorie (Kobayashi et al., 2016; Thimmulappa et al., 2006). I composti sopracitati sono stati testati come tool farmacologici per valutare se l’attivazione del pathway di Nrf2 potesse interferire con la secrezione di citochine pro-infiammatorie a seguito della stimolazione del sistema immunitario, su un modello cellulare di monociti umani immortalizzati (THP-1), usando curcumina come composto di riferimento. Nel set di molecole testate, solo i composti 1 e 2 sono induttori di Nrf2. I dati ottenuti tuttavia hanno mostrato che tutti i composti sono in grado di ridurre la secrezione di TNF-alfa a seguito di stimolazione con LPS, suggerendo che la modulazione del rilascio di tale citochina non può essere ricondotta all’azione di Nrf2. Di conseguenza, è stata valutata la capacità dei composti di modulare il pathway che coinvolge NF-kappaB. In particolare, i composti 2, 3 e 4, ad eccezione del composto 1, contrastano la fosforilazione dell’inibitore di NF-kappaB, IkappaB, prevenendo la sua degradazione via proteasoma e, quindi, anche la traslocazione nucleare e l’interazione di NF-kappaB con i siti kappaB a livello del DNA. Nel complesso questi dati dimostrano che la modulazione del rilascio della citochina TNF-alfa da parte dei composti 2 – 4 è principalmente correlata all’attenuazione del pathway di NF-kappaB, stimolato in presenza di LPS, e non all’induzione di Nrf2.
Composti multifunzionali di sintesi derivati da curcumina e diallil solfuro: studio del loro potenziale anti-infiammatorio
AMATO, SARAH
2019/2020
Abstract
To date, age-related diseases and, in particular, neurodegenerative diseases, represent a framework not fully explored because of the variety and complexity of their etiological factors ascribed to the exacerbation of a chronic, low-grade, pro-inflammatory status, known as Inflamm-aging (Franceschi et al., 2006). As a result of the failure of single-agent therapies against age-related diseases, the field of pharmacology and drug discovery has focused on the discovery and development of multi-target drugs. Consistently, the complex pathophysiology of age-related diseases suggests that addressing more than one target might be needed to set up a successful treatment. In collaboration with the group of chemists of the University of Bologna, held by Professor Rosini, we synthesized a set of new chemical entities, by combining the pharmacophoric elements of curcumin and diallyl sulfide. A previous study conducted in our laboratory showed that such compounds are able to induce the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway, thanks to the presence of (pro)electrophilic features, such as catechol moiety or Michael acceptor group, in their chemical structure (Serafini et al., 2020). Nrf2 is a redox-sensitive transcription factor regulating the coordinated induction of a wide battery of genes encoding phase II and detoxifying enzymes and counteracting the exacerbation of pro-inflammatory processes. In this regard, a growing body of evidence demonstrates the existence of a cross-talk between Nrf2 and Nuclear Factor Kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kappaB), that is one of major effectors involved in the transcription of inflammatory mediators, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines (Kobayashi et al., 2016; Thimmulappa et al., 2006). We tested the abovementioned compounds as pharmacological tools to evaluate whether the activation of Nrf2 pathway by compounds may interfere with the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, during immune stimulation, in human immortalized monocyte-like cell line (THP-1), using curcumin (CURC) as reference compound. Our data showed that all the compounds reduced LPS-induced secretion of TNF-alpha, but only compound 1 and 2 were capable to induce a complete activation of Nrf2 pathway, indicating that the modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine release cannot be ascribed to this transcription factor. Thus, we dissected the ability of compounds to modulate NF-kappaB pathway. In particular, compounds 2, 3, and 4, with the exception of compound 1, attenuated LPS-induced phosphorylation of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB, IkappaB, preventing its degradation via proteasome, as well as the nuclear translocation of NF-B, and its binding to kappaB sites on DNA. Altogether, these data demonstrated that the ability of compounds 2 – 4 to modulate secretion of TNF-alpha is correlated to the attenuation of LPS-evoked activation of NF-kappaB pathway, but not to the induction of Nrf2.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/11719