Chromatic polymorphism is the coexistence within the same population of two or more genetically determined phenotypes, called morphs, and not maintained by a simple mutation. In species characterized by chromatic polymorphism, testosterone levels, reproductive strategies and many life-history traits such as immunity and aggression can vary between morphs. The purpose of my paper is to understand if and how the trade-off between immunity, aggression and testosterone described by ICHH (ImmunoCompetence Handicap Hypotesis) is modulated between the morphs. I tested this hypothesis in the polymorphic lizard Podarcis muralis, in which the different morphs adopt two different alternative reproductive strategies: yellow males have a higher hormone concentration at the beginning of the reproductive season, which translates into greater territoriality but also greater immunosuppression, while white and red males have lower testosterone concentrations at the beginning of the season and then be higher than whites at the end, with less immunosuppression. I therefore hypothesized the existence of two strategies: a "risky" played by yellow males and a "conservative" played by white males. I then artificially manipulated the plasma testosterone concentration of the lizards by looking for differences in pre- and post-treatment immune and behavioral responses. The results obtained show how the treatment had an effect on both morphs with a reduction in the immune response; contrary to what was expected, however, the aggressive response also decreases post-treatment, perhaps due to habituation to the trial performed. The results do not seem to confirm the experimental hypothesis, but before ruling out that the two morphs do not represent two extremes of the ICHH it would be advisable to carry out new experiments in which the manipulation takes place in the previous season.
Il polimorfismo cromatico è la coesistenza all’interno di una stessa popolazione di due o più fenotipi geneticamente determinati, chiamati morfi, e non mantenuti da una semplice mutazione. Nelle specie caratterizzate da polimorfismo cromatico, i livelli di testosterone, le strategie riproduttive e molti tratti della life-history come l’immunità e l’aggressività possono variare tra i morfi. L’obbiettivo del mio elaborato è quello di capire se e come venga modulato tra i morfi il trade-off tra immunità, aggressività e testosterone descritto dalla ICHH (ImmunoCompetence Handicap Hypotesis). Ho testato tale ipotesi nella lucertola polimorfica Podarcis muralis, in cui i differenti morfi adottano due diverse strategie riproduttive alternative: i maschi gialli hanno una concentrazione ormonale maggiore all’inizio della stagione riproduttiva, che si traduce in una maggior territorialità ma anche in una maggior immunodepressione, mentre i maschi bianchi e rossi hanno concentrazioni di testosterone più basse all’inizio della stagione per poi risultare superiori ai bianchi alla fine, con una minor immunodepressione. Ho ipotizzato quindi l’esistenza di due strategie: una “rischiosa” giocata dai maschi gialli e una “conservativa” giocata dai maschi bianchi. Ho quindi manipolato artificialmente la concentrazione plasmatica di testosterone delle lucertole andando a vedere se ci fossero differenze delle risposte immunitaria e comportamentali pre- e post-trattamento. I risultati ottenuti mostrano come il trattamento abbia avuto effetto su entrambi i morfi con una riduzione della risposta immunitaria; contrariamente a quanto atteso però anche la risposta aggressiva diminuisce post-trattamento, forse dovuto a un’abituazione al trial effettuato. I risultati non sembrano confermare l’ipotesi sperimentale, ma prima di escludere che i due morfi non rappresentano due estremi del’ICHH sarebbe opportuno compiere nuovi esperimenti in cui la manipolazione avvenga nella stagione precedente.
Effetti morfospecifici del testosterone sull’aggressività e sull’immunità nella lucertola muraiola (Podarcis muralis)
SALGARELLA, GIULIA
2019/2020
Abstract
Chromatic polymorphism is the coexistence within the same population of two or more genetically determined phenotypes, called morphs, and not maintained by a simple mutation. In species characterized by chromatic polymorphism, testosterone levels, reproductive strategies and many life-history traits such as immunity and aggression can vary between morphs. The purpose of my paper is to understand if and how the trade-off between immunity, aggression and testosterone described by ICHH (ImmunoCompetence Handicap Hypotesis) is modulated between the morphs. I tested this hypothesis in the polymorphic lizard Podarcis muralis, in which the different morphs adopt two different alternative reproductive strategies: yellow males have a higher hormone concentration at the beginning of the reproductive season, which translates into greater territoriality but also greater immunosuppression, while white and red males have lower testosterone concentrations at the beginning of the season and then be higher than whites at the end, with less immunosuppression. I therefore hypothesized the existence of two strategies: a "risky" played by yellow males and a "conservative" played by white males. I then artificially manipulated the plasma testosterone concentration of the lizards by looking for differences in pre- and post-treatment immune and behavioral responses. The results obtained show how the treatment had an effect on both morphs with a reduction in the immune response; contrary to what was expected, however, the aggressive response also decreases post-treatment, perhaps due to habituation to the trial performed. The results do not seem to confirm the experimental hypothesis, but before ruling out that the two morphs do not represent two extremes of the ICHH it would be advisable to carry out new experiments in which the manipulation takes place in the previous season.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/12000