This thesis work has focused on the production of polymer nanoparticles based on chitosan and hyaluronic acid, using a suitable production method in which the mixing of a polymer solution, containing the drug, with a solution of hyaluronic acid determines the three-dimensional cross-linking of the polymer chains, resulting in the formation of stable complexes. Chitosan and hyaluronic acid have been chosen for the formulation of these nanosystems because they are highly biocompatible, biodegradable, and able to control the release of active ingredients. In particular, they have been selected as optimal polymers due to their mucoadhesive activity, as these nanosystems are designed to encapsulate N-acetylcysteine (a molecule with strong antioxidant properties), intended to be released at the level of the respiratory tract, where there are multi-cellular composite glands (in particular the tubular-alveolar glands) mucus-secreting, to prevent respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Bronchopneumopathy is a progressive airway disease that leads to a reduction in airflow and pulmonary ventilation. At the basis of the onset of the disease there is an alteration between oxidizing and antioxidant species, due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) both for exogenous and endogenous causes. The dimensional characterization of the nanoparticles produced, acquired by scanning electron microscope (SEM), showed an average diameter less than 200nm. Through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) it was possible to calculate the drug loading of 38.75%. Finally, this thesis work has provided for the quantification of hyaluronic acid and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of N-acetylcysteine carried in polymer nanoparticles. The quantification of hyaluronic acid in the nanoparticle suspension, useful to quantify the polymerization yield of the prepared system, was done by a turbidimetric assay, which uses as precipitating agent a quaternary ammonium salt, cetyl-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). This test has led to promising results, although further studies should investigate the reasons for a cross-linking yield of less than 50%. The antioxidant activity of NAC in lyophilized nanoparticles has been demonstrated through a spectrophotometric assay, which uses DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) as free radical. This test showed that N-acetylcycysteine carried in polymer nanoparticles has a high antioxidant activity comparable to free NAC activity.
Il presente lavoro di tesi si è incentrato sulla produzione di nanoparticelle polimeriche a base di chitosano e acido ialuronico, sfruttando un metodo di produzione idoneo in cui la miscelazione di una soluzione polimerica, contenente il farmaco, con una soluzione di acido ialuronico determina la reticolazione tridimensionale delle catene polimeriche, con conseguente formazione di complessi stabili. Il chitosano e l’acido ialuronico sono stati scelti per la formulazione di questi nanosistemi in quanto risultano altamente biocompatibili, biodegradabili, e in grado di controllare il rilascio di principi attivi. In particolare, sono stati selezionati come polimeri ottimali grazie alla loro attività mucoadesiva, in quanto questi nanosistemi hanno lo scopo di incapsulare N-acetilcisteina (molecola con spiccate proprietà antiossidanti), destinata ad essere rilasciata a livello del tratto respiratorio, dove sono presenti ghiandole pluricellulari composte (in particolare le ghiandole tubulo-alveolari) secernenti muco, per prevenire malattie respiratorie come la malattia polmonare cronica ostruttiva (BPCO). La broncopneumopatia è una patologia progressiva delle vie aeree che porta alla riduzione del flusso di aria e della ventilazione polmonare. Alla base dell’insorgenza della patologia vi è un’alterazione tra specie ossidanti e antiossidanti, dovuta alla produzione di specie reattive dell’ossigeno (ROS) sia per cause esogene che endogene. La caratterizzazione dimensionale delle nanoparticelle prodotte, acquisita tramite microscopio elettronico a scansione (SEM), ha mostrato un diametro medio inferiore a 200nm. Tramite la cromatografia liquida ad alta prestazione (HPLC) è stato invece possibile calcolare il drug loading pari al 38,75%. Infine, questo lavoro di tesi ha previsto la quantificazione dell’acido ialuronico e la valutazione dell’attività antiossidante dell’N-acetilcisteina veicolata in nanoparticelle polimeriche. La quantificazione dell’acido ialuronico nella sospensione nanoparticellare, utile per quantificare la resa di polimerizzazione del sistema preparato, è avvenuta mediante un saggio turbidimetrico, che utilizza come agente precipitante un sale di ammonio quaternario, il bromuro di cetil-trimetilammonio (CTAB). Questo test ha portato a risultati promettenti, anche se ulteriori studi dovranno approfondire le motivazioni di una resa di reticolazione inferiore al 50%. L’attività antiossidante della NAC in nanoparticelle liofilizzate è stata invece dimostrata tramite un saggio spettrofotometrico, che utilizza come radicale libero il DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrylhydrazyl). Questo test ha dimostrato che la N-acetilcisteina veicolata in nanoparticelle polimeriche ha un’elevata attività antiossidante confrontabile all’attività della NAC libera.
Sviluppo di matrici polimeriche ad azione antiossidante nella prevenzione della BPCO
ROSANO, ALESSANDRA
2019/2020
Abstract
This thesis work has focused on the production of polymer nanoparticles based on chitosan and hyaluronic acid, using a suitable production method in which the mixing of a polymer solution, containing the drug, with a solution of hyaluronic acid determines the three-dimensional cross-linking of the polymer chains, resulting in the formation of stable complexes. Chitosan and hyaluronic acid have been chosen for the formulation of these nanosystems because they are highly biocompatible, biodegradable, and able to control the release of active ingredients. In particular, they have been selected as optimal polymers due to their mucoadhesive activity, as these nanosystems are designed to encapsulate N-acetylcysteine (a molecule with strong antioxidant properties), intended to be released at the level of the respiratory tract, where there are multi-cellular composite glands (in particular the tubular-alveolar glands) mucus-secreting, to prevent respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Bronchopneumopathy is a progressive airway disease that leads to a reduction in airflow and pulmonary ventilation. At the basis of the onset of the disease there is an alteration between oxidizing and antioxidant species, due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) both for exogenous and endogenous causes. The dimensional characterization of the nanoparticles produced, acquired by scanning electron microscope (SEM), showed an average diameter less than 200nm. Through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) it was possible to calculate the drug loading of 38.75%. Finally, this thesis work has provided for the quantification of hyaluronic acid and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of N-acetylcysteine carried in polymer nanoparticles. The quantification of hyaluronic acid in the nanoparticle suspension, useful to quantify the polymerization yield of the prepared system, was done by a turbidimetric assay, which uses as precipitating agent a quaternary ammonium salt, cetyl-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). This test has led to promising results, although further studies should investigate the reasons for a cross-linking yield of less than 50%. The antioxidant activity of NAC in lyophilized nanoparticles has been demonstrated through a spectrophotometric assay, which uses DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) as free radical. This test showed that N-acetylcycysteine carried in polymer nanoparticles has a high antioxidant activity comparable to free NAC activity.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/12198