The thesis deals with a highly topical issue: the reuse of architectures created by totalitarian regimes, strongly characterized both symbolically and typologically. In particular, the research focused on the former Case dell’Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB), an organization founded during the Mussolini period, with the law of 3 April 1926, which through its buildings established in every Italian municipality, had the aim to transmit in young people the cult of militarism according to the fascist ideology. The actuality of the research topic arises from the need - still alive today, as well as in the imminent postwar period - to critically re-evaluate the destination of the huge architectural heritage of the ONB. What happened to the Casa del Balilla? How were they used in the aftermath of the Second World War and how are they still used today? What problems do those facing the crossroads face if they want to preserve or transform these buildings without incurring the vexata quaestio of celebrating an uncomfortable past? The thesis tries to answer these questions, considering that many buildings maintained their intended use in continuity with their original training vocation, others were abandoned, some damaged, many largely compromised or even destroyed. To understand the value of the "document" of the Casa del Balilla, it was necessary to deepen the educational program of an architecture, with a high ideological value and often with a high design quality, as well as an expression of a particular experimentation on a technical - constructive level. The starting point for the research is based on the rereading and analysis of the published sources, writings and photographs of the past, which have allowed for an in-depth study of the architectural-decorative aspects and functional programs, a reflection of the fascist ideological project. The thesis work is based above all on a census, never carried out so far, of what remains of the former Case del Balilla. The sampling and study of these structures represents the premise for starting, today, a research work not only of recovery and protection, but also of re-semantization, which goes beyond the simple exploitation of symbols and can act with skilful synergy between material restoration and reworking of Memory.
La tesi affronta un tema di pregnante attualità: il riuso di architetture realizzate dai regimi totalitari, fortemente connotate sia simbolicamente che tipologicamente. In particolare, la ricerca si è focalizzata sulle ex Case dell’Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB), organizzazione sorta durante il periodo mussoliniano, con la legge 3 aprile 1926, che attraverso i suoi edifici istituiti in ogni comune italiano, aveva l’obiettivo di infondere nei giovani il culto del militarismo secondo l’ideologia fascista. L’attualità dell’argomento oggetto di ricerca scaturisce dall’esigenza – ancor oggi viva, così come nell’imminente dopoguerra – di rivalutare in chiave critica la destinazione dell’ingente patrimonio architettonico dell’ONB. Che fine hanno fatto le Case del Balilla? Come furono usate all’indomani della Seconda guerra mondiale e come sono usate ancor oggi? Quali problemi deve affrontare chi si trova di fronte al bivio se conservare o trasformare tali edifici senza incorrere nella vexata quaestio di celebrazione di un passato scomodo? La tesi cerca di rispondere a tali interrogativi, considerando che molte Case mantennero una destinazione d’uso in continuità con l’originaria vocazione formativa, altre furono abbandonate, alcune danneggiate, molte ampiamente compromesse o addirittura distrutte. Per comprendere il valore di “documento” della Casa del Balilla, si è reso necessario approfondire il programma educativo di un’architettura dall’alto valore ideologico, e spesso dall’alta qualità progettuale, oltre che espressione di una particolare sperimentazione a livello tecnico - costruttivo. La base di partenza per la ricerca si poggia sulla rilettura e analisi delle fonti edite, scritti e fotografie d’epoca, che hanno permesso l’approfondimento degli aspetti architettonico-decorativi e dei programmi funzionali, riflesso del progetto ideologico fascista. Il lavoro di tesi si fonda soprattutto su un censimento, mai effettuato finora, di quel che resta delle ex Case. La campionatura e lo studio di queste strutture rappresenta la premessa per avviare, oggi, un lavoro di ricerca alla luce del necessario processo, non solo di recupero e salvaguardia, ma anche di ri-semantizzazione, che esuli dalla semplice espoliazione dei simboli e possa agire con sapiente sinergia tra ripristino materiale e rielaborazione della Memoria.
L’eredità del Littorio. Le ex Case dell’Opera Nazionale Balilla dal secondo dopoguerra a oggi: un primo censimento storico–critico sul riuso di beni architettonici
GHEZZI, ALBERTO
2019/2020
Abstract
The thesis deals with a highly topical issue: the reuse of architectures created by totalitarian regimes, strongly characterized both symbolically and typologically. In particular, the research focused on the former Case dell’Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB), an organization founded during the Mussolini period, with the law of 3 April 1926, which through its buildings established in every Italian municipality, had the aim to transmit in young people the cult of militarism according to the fascist ideology. The actuality of the research topic arises from the need - still alive today, as well as in the imminent postwar period - to critically re-evaluate the destination of the huge architectural heritage of the ONB. What happened to the Casa del Balilla? How were they used in the aftermath of the Second World War and how are they still used today? What problems do those facing the crossroads face if they want to preserve or transform these buildings without incurring the vexata quaestio of celebrating an uncomfortable past? The thesis tries to answer these questions, considering that many buildings maintained their intended use in continuity with their original training vocation, others were abandoned, some damaged, many largely compromised or even destroyed. To understand the value of the "document" of the Casa del Balilla, it was necessary to deepen the educational program of an architecture, with a high ideological value and often with a high design quality, as well as an expression of a particular experimentation on a technical - constructive level. The starting point for the research is based on the rereading and analysis of the published sources, writings and photographs of the past, which have allowed for an in-depth study of the architectural-decorative aspects and functional programs, a reflection of the fascist ideological project. The thesis work is based above all on a census, never carried out so far, of what remains of the former Case del Balilla. The sampling and study of these structures represents the premise for starting, today, a research work not only of recovery and protection, but also of re-semantization, which goes beyond the simple exploitation of symbols and can act with skilful synergy between material restoration and reworking of Memory.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
Per maggiori informazioni e per verifiche sull'eventuale disponibilità del file scrivere a: unitesi@unipv.it.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/12566