The term “epigenetics” was introduced by Conrad Waddington in the early 1940s and it stands for “added to genetics”, thus defining the field as “the branch of biology that studies the casual interaction between genes and their products, which brings the phenotype into being”; since then, the definition was subject to various alterations. Currently, epigenetics is described as the stable and heritable phenotypic traits caused by modifications in the chromosomes without alterations in the DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms involve changes on different levels: histones, DNA, and DNA binding proteins that impact the gene activity and potentially leading to variations in cell differentiation, variability, morphogenesis, and adaptability of an organism; these mechanisms are potentially impacted by both genetic and environmental factors. However, aberrant epigenetic modifications can lead to a wide range of disorders, particularly cancers, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and age-related diseases. In this dissertation, we focused on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), which is an age-related disorder correlated with an accelerated biological age and an increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases; and most recently is considered to show increased risk factor for mortality or clinical outcomes in COVID-19. OSA is a sleep-related disorder that is characterized by sleep fragmentation and chronic intermittent hypoxia. Therefore, we analyzed the underlying epigenetic mechanisms, in OSA and atherosclerotic plaque, that impact the methylation levels of Age-Related CpGs for the calculation of the biological age, using DNA methylation analysis via bisulfite conversion and pyrosequencing methods. Similarly, we analyzed the expression of two genes angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP4) using the RT-qPCR gene expression analysis method; since the two genes are differentially expressed with age and happen to be target receptors (receptor and co-receptor, respectively) to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The results revealed no correlation between the expression of the DPP4 gene or the biological age and the presence of OSA and/or plaque in the study groups, compared to the healthy control group. However, the gene expression analysis of ACE2 proposed that the presence of OSA and/or plaque is correlated with a downregulation of ACE2 expression. This is a novel study and further experiments are necessary to explore the relevance of ACE2 downregulation in patients with OSA in the presence of carotid artery atherosclerotic plaque.
Il termine “epigenetica” è stato introdotto nei primi anni Quaranta da Conrad Waddington e significa, etimologicamente, “sopra la genetica” definendo “la branca della biologia che studia l’interazione casuale tra i geni ed i loro prodotti, che conduce al fenotipo”. Negli anni la definizione ha subito molteplici variazioni, arrivando attualmente a delineare i tratti fenotipici stabili e potenzialmente ereditari derivanti da modificazioni cromosomiche biochimiche che non alterano la sequenza nucleotidica della molecola di DNA. Le modificazioni epigenetiche agiscono a vari livelli: proteine istoniche, DNA, proteine leganti il DNA, che influiscono sull’attività genica e possono comportare alterazioni nel differenziamento cellulare, nella variabilità, nella morfogenesi e nella capacità di adattamento degli organismi; tali meccanismi possono essere influenzati sia dalla variabilità genetica che da fattori ambientali. Nondimeno, aberranti modificazioni epigenetiche possono condurre all’insorgenza di svariate patologie, in particolare cancro, disturbi metabolici, cardiovascolari e patologie età-correlate. In questa tesi di ricerca il focus è stato sull’Apnea Ostruttiva del Sonno (OSA), un disturbo età correlato caratterizzato da una notevole frammentazione del sonno ed una conseguente ipossia cronica ed intermittente. Tale patologia comporta un accelerato invecchiamento biologico ed un incremento del rischio cardiovascolare e metabolico; è stata inoltre recentemente proposta come cofattore di rischio di mortalità per la patologia virale COVID-19. La ricerca è stata condotta analizzando le modificazioni epigenetiche sottostanti la presenza dell’OSA e della placca carotidea, che impattano i livelli di metilazione dei siti CpG età-correlati per il calcolo dell’età biologica. Le analisi sono state condotte tramite la conversione bisolfitica dei campioni ed il loro successivo pirosequenziamento. Similmente, è stata analizzata l’espressione di due geni: ACE2, codificante per l’enzima II convertitore dell’angiotensina e DPP4, codificante per la dipeptidil peptidasi IV. Il grado di espressione è stato valutato utilizzando il metodo Real Time qPCR, poiché tali geni sono differenzialmente espressi in relazione all’età e fungono allo stesso tempo da recettori (rispettivamente recettore e co-recettore) per il virus Sars-CoV-2. I risultati non hanno rivelato una correlazione tra l’espressione del gene DPP4, l’età biologica e la presenza dell’OSA e/o della placca carotidea, mentre i risultati dell’analisi dell’espressione di ACE2 suggeriscono che la presenza di OSA e/o della placca sia correlato ad una down-regolazione dell’espressione del gene. Saranno dunque necessari ulteriori esperimenti per valutare maggiormente la rilevanza della regolazione negativa di ACE2 nei pazienti affetti da OSA e/o placca carotidea.
Correlazione tra età biologica ed espressione di DPP4 e ACE2 nei pazienti con Apnea Ostruttiva del Sonno
YACOUB, RANDA
2019/2020
Abstract
The term “epigenetics” was introduced by Conrad Waddington in the early 1940s and it stands for “added to genetics”, thus defining the field as “the branch of biology that studies the casual interaction between genes and their products, which brings the phenotype into being”; since then, the definition was subject to various alterations. Currently, epigenetics is described as the stable and heritable phenotypic traits caused by modifications in the chromosomes without alterations in the DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms involve changes on different levels: histones, DNA, and DNA binding proteins that impact the gene activity and potentially leading to variations in cell differentiation, variability, morphogenesis, and adaptability of an organism; these mechanisms are potentially impacted by both genetic and environmental factors. However, aberrant epigenetic modifications can lead to a wide range of disorders, particularly cancers, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and age-related diseases. In this dissertation, we focused on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), which is an age-related disorder correlated with an accelerated biological age and an increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases; and most recently is considered to show increased risk factor for mortality or clinical outcomes in COVID-19. OSA is a sleep-related disorder that is characterized by sleep fragmentation and chronic intermittent hypoxia. Therefore, we analyzed the underlying epigenetic mechanisms, in OSA and atherosclerotic plaque, that impact the methylation levels of Age-Related CpGs for the calculation of the biological age, using DNA methylation analysis via bisulfite conversion and pyrosequencing methods. Similarly, we analyzed the expression of two genes angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP4) using the RT-qPCR gene expression analysis method; since the two genes are differentially expressed with age and happen to be target receptors (receptor and co-receptor, respectively) to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The results revealed no correlation between the expression of the DPP4 gene or the biological age and the presence of OSA and/or plaque in the study groups, compared to the healthy control group. However, the gene expression analysis of ACE2 proposed that the presence of OSA and/or plaque is correlated with a downregulation of ACE2 expression. This is a novel study and further experiments are necessary to explore the relevance of ACE2 downregulation in patients with OSA in the presence of carotid artery atherosclerotic plaque.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/12822