Exposition of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses results in severe losses of agricultural products and thus in serious damage to food economy worldwide. Pre- and postharvest losses and damages in agriculture clash with food needs of the constantly growing worldwide population as well as with the demand of quality fruits and vegetables. In recent years, integrated systems of pest management including biological solutions into farming practices are actively being sought with the aim to increase yields while reducing the impact of currently used agricultural chemicals on environment and consumers, in agreement with the transition toward a sustainable crop production, as defined by the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. “Biostimulants” are biological products which can applied in farming practices as an alternative to “chemical” pesticides with the aim to increase crop productivity and improve nutritional value of agrifood products. Biostimulants include plant extracts, hydrolyzed proteins and PGPMs (Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms), fungi or bacteria that promote plant growth and stimulate the plant immune system. Trichoderma, an avirulent and opportunistic symbiotic ascomycete, is known to display biostimulant activities. In this Thesis, carried out at BiCT s.r.l. within the LM Plus programme of the University of Pavia, a new fungal strain of the genus Trichoderma has been isolated from Scots pine bonsai roots and it has, thus, been named T. bonsai. A morphological characterization of this strain was performed by growing it on different media, followed by its genetic characterization through sequencing and analysis of the 18S ribosomal gene. Semi-quantitative and quantitative assays were performed to detect the production of lignocellulosic enzymes. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of T. bonsai was assayed against a collection of phytopathogens, by testing the MIC of the fermentation broths. T. harzianum, T. asperellum, T. gliocladium-virens, commercially available as biostimulants and biocontrol agents were used as controls. Trichoderma species are able to assimilate a wide array of lignocellulose substrates, and to inhibit the growth of other fungi through the process of mycoparasitism, antibiosis, and the release of secondary metabolites. From the genomic analysis, the isolated strain was identified as belonging to the genus Trichoderma, but it was not possible to determine whether it was a new species. To assess lignocellulosic enzyme production, Trichoderma were grown in submerged cultures containing four different media: the “basal” medium PDB (Potato Dextrose Broth), PDB containing 20 g/L D-glucose, PDB containing either 20% or 40% sawdust extract. From semi-quantitative assays, T. bonsai was found to be a producer of laccases, xylanases, and cellulases. These enzymes are used in different market sectors such as textile, energy, cosmetic and food industries. The T. bonsai expression of lignocellulosic enzymes appeared to be enhanced by the addition of glucose in PDB in liquid colture. The highest producers of xylanases in PDB+D-glucose were found to be T. bonsai and T. harzianum (4.7 U/ml). T. asperellum showed the highest laccase activity (2.6 U/ml, log 48) in the medium containing 20% v/v of sawdust. T. bonsai resulted to be the most effective biostimulant against Phytophtora infestans, an oomycete causing potato and tomato blight (67% growth inhibition), Fusarium nivale (50% growth inhibition), Fusarium oxysporum (50% growth inhibition). F. nivale and F. oxysporum cause fusarium blight of wheat, barley, corn and wilt of vegetables, cotton, and coffee. To sum up, in this Thesis, morphological, genetic, enzymatic, and metabolic profiles of three known Trichoderma and a new strain isolated from bonsai trees, that is T. bonsai, were assessed. This research has paved the way to further development of T. bonsai as a biostimulant and as a source of enzymes of industrial relevance.
L'esposizione delle piante a stress biotici e abiotici si traduce nella perdita di prodotti agricoli e in un danno al sistema economico agro-alimentare, che deve rispondere ai bisogni alimentari della popolazione mondiale in costante crescita e alla domanda di frutta e verdure di qualità da parte di consumatori sempre più esigenti. Negli ultimi anni sono allo studio sistemi integrati di gestione dei parassiti che includano soluzioni biologiche nelle pratiche agricole, con l'obiettivo di aumentare la resa del raccolto riducendo, al contempo, l'impatto dei pesticidi sull'ambiente e sui consumatori, in accordo con la transizione verso una produzione agricola sostenibile, come definito dagli obiettivi dell’Agenda 2030. I "biostimolanti" sono prodotti di origine biologica che possono essere applicati nelle pratica agricola in alternativa ai pesticidi "chimici", con lo scopo di aumentare la produttività delle colture e migliorare il valore nutrizionale dei prodotti agroalimentari. I biostimolanti includono estratti di piante, idrolizzati di proteine e PGPM (Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms), funghi o batteri che promuovono la crescita delle piante e ne stimolano il sistema immunitario. Il genere fungino Trichoderma, un ascomicete simbiotico avirulento e opportunista, è noto per la sua attività di biostimolante. In questa tesi, svolta presso BiCT s.r.l. nell'ambito del programma LM Plus dell'Università di Pavia, un nuovo ceppo fungino del genere Trichoderma è stato isolato da radici di bonsai ed è stato, perciò, chiamato T. bonsai. È stata effettuata la caratterizzazione morfologica del ceppo, coltivandolo su diversi terreni, seguita dalla sua caratterizzazione genetica attraverso il sequenziamento e l'analisi del gene ribosomiale 18S. Sono stati eseguiti, successivamente, saggi semi-quantitativi e quantitativi per rilevare la produzione di enzimi lignocellulosici. Infine, è stata valutata l'attività antimicrobica di T. bonsai verso una collezione di fitopatogeni, testando la MIC dei brodi di fermentazione. T. harzianum, T. asperellum, T. gliocladium, commercialmente disponibili come biostimolanti e agenti di biocontrollo, sono stati usati come controlli. Le specie di Trichoderma sono in grado di assimilare una vasta gamma di substrati lignocellulosici, e di inibire la crescita di altri funghi attraverso il processo di micoparassitismo, antibiosi e il rilascio di metaboliti secondari. Dall'analisi genomica, il ceppo isolato è stato identificato come appartenente al genere Trichoderma, ma non è stato possibile determinare se fosse una nuova specie. Per valutare la produzione di enzimi lignocellulosici, i Trichoderma sono stati coltivati in colture sommerse contenenti quattro diversi mezzi di crescita: il terreno "basale" PDB (Potato Dextrose Broth), PDB contenente 20 g/L D-glucosio, PDB contenente 20% o 40% di estratto di segatura. Dai saggi semi-quantitativi, T. bonsai è risultato essere un produttore di laccasi, xilanasi e cellulasi. L'espressione degli enzimi lignocellulosici in coltura sommersa di T. bonsai sembra essere incrementata dall'aggiunta di glucosio nel PDB. T. bonsai è risultato essere il biostimolante più efficace contro Phytophtora infestans, un oomicete che causa la peronospora della patata e del pomodoro (inibizione della crescita del 67%), Fusarium nivale (inibizione del 50%), Fusarium oxysporum (inibizione del 50%). F. nivale e F. oxysporum causano la fusariosi del grano, dell'orzo, del mais e l'avvizzimento di verdure. Concludendo, in questa tesi, sono stati valutati i profili morfologici, genetici, enzimatici e metabolici di tre Trichoderma noti e di un nuovo ceppo isolato da bonsai di pino silvestre, cioè T. bonsai. Questa ricerca ha aperto la strada al possibile sviluppo di T. bonsai come biostimolante e come fonte di enzimi di rilevanza industriale.
Sviluppo di un nuovo ceppo di Trichoderma isolato da micorriza di bonsai: prodotto d’interesse agronomico con proprietà biostimolanti e di biocontrollo per fitopatologie
VINCIGUERRA, FRANCESCA
2019/2020
Abstract
Exposition of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses results in severe losses of agricultural products and thus in serious damage to food economy worldwide. Pre- and postharvest losses and damages in agriculture clash with food needs of the constantly growing worldwide population as well as with the demand of quality fruits and vegetables. In recent years, integrated systems of pest management including biological solutions into farming practices are actively being sought with the aim to increase yields while reducing the impact of currently used agricultural chemicals on environment and consumers, in agreement with the transition toward a sustainable crop production, as defined by the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. “Biostimulants” are biological products which can applied in farming practices as an alternative to “chemical” pesticides with the aim to increase crop productivity and improve nutritional value of agrifood products. Biostimulants include plant extracts, hydrolyzed proteins and PGPMs (Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms), fungi or bacteria that promote plant growth and stimulate the plant immune system. Trichoderma, an avirulent and opportunistic symbiotic ascomycete, is known to display biostimulant activities. In this Thesis, carried out at BiCT s.r.l. within the LM Plus programme of the University of Pavia, a new fungal strain of the genus Trichoderma has been isolated from Scots pine bonsai roots and it has, thus, been named T. bonsai. A morphological characterization of this strain was performed by growing it on different media, followed by its genetic characterization through sequencing and analysis of the 18S ribosomal gene. Semi-quantitative and quantitative assays were performed to detect the production of lignocellulosic enzymes. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of T. bonsai was assayed against a collection of phytopathogens, by testing the MIC of the fermentation broths. T. harzianum, T. asperellum, T. gliocladium-virens, commercially available as biostimulants and biocontrol agents were used as controls. Trichoderma species are able to assimilate a wide array of lignocellulose substrates, and to inhibit the growth of other fungi through the process of mycoparasitism, antibiosis, and the release of secondary metabolites. From the genomic analysis, the isolated strain was identified as belonging to the genus Trichoderma, but it was not possible to determine whether it was a new species. To assess lignocellulosic enzyme production, Trichoderma were grown in submerged cultures containing four different media: the “basal” medium PDB (Potato Dextrose Broth), PDB containing 20 g/L D-glucose, PDB containing either 20% or 40% sawdust extract. From semi-quantitative assays, T. bonsai was found to be a producer of laccases, xylanases, and cellulases. These enzymes are used in different market sectors such as textile, energy, cosmetic and food industries. The T. bonsai expression of lignocellulosic enzymes appeared to be enhanced by the addition of glucose in PDB in liquid colture. The highest producers of xylanases in PDB+D-glucose were found to be T. bonsai and T. harzianum (4.7 U/ml). T. asperellum showed the highest laccase activity (2.6 U/ml, log 48) in the medium containing 20% v/v of sawdust. T. bonsai resulted to be the most effective biostimulant against Phytophtora infestans, an oomycete causing potato and tomato blight (67% growth inhibition), Fusarium nivale (50% growth inhibition), Fusarium oxysporum (50% growth inhibition). F. nivale and F. oxysporum cause fusarium blight of wheat, barley, corn and wilt of vegetables, cotton, and coffee. To sum up, in this Thesis, morphological, genetic, enzymatic, and metabolic profiles of three known Trichoderma and a new strain isolated from bonsai trees, that is T. bonsai, were assessed. This research has paved the way to further development of T. bonsai as a biostimulant and as a source of enzymes of industrial relevance.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/12940