Infectious diseases in pigs cause economic problems for farmers and also represent a major zoonotic risk. One of the most zoonotic pathogens in the last 15 years is Streptococcus suis, a Gram positive bacterium normally present in the nose, mouth, in digestive and urogenital tracts of healthy pigs. However, some strains can cause not only serious diseases in pigs but also to consumers of infected meat or breeders who come in contact with the infected pig, leading to severe septicemies and brain infections. This infection can be treated with antibiotics, but to prevent antibiotic resistance it was tried to formulate a vaccine that, despite many attemps, is not yet efficient. For this reason, it is important to acquire more specific immunological knowledge about pigs and understand the possibilities to enhance their immune system in order to prevent infectious diseases. To cope with the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance and to develop an efficient vaccine, in the department of Veterinary at the University of Utrecht in the research group conducted by Prof. Henk Haagsman, they focus on particular molecules released by a wide variety of cells and which are part of the initial defense of the host with antimicrobial activity and strong immunomodulatory properties: the cathelicidins. My project, in which I took part as an Erasmus student, was focused first on obtaining a good model in vitro for interaction between dendritic cells and porcine CD4⁺ T cells. The first step included replication and optimization of the proliferation of CD4⁺ T cells through the use of mitogens and, once was found the best read out, this was used as a positive control in the interaction between dendritic cells and CD4⁺ T cells. Indeed the second step initially was related to the setting and optimization for the differentiation of porcine dendritic cells from bone marrow model and subsequently for the interaction between mature dendritic cells and CD4⁺ T cells using a common antigen such as Escherichia coli and LPS, then measuring how this interaction affected the proliferation of lymphocytes and the release of anti and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This part of the research was fundamental to shed light to how the porcine immune system works thanks to the use of flow cytometry and, developing new ideas in the project, a good method was found in the analysis of the cells after their interaction. Once everything was set up, two types of cathelicidins were tested, namely CATH-2 and LL-37, respectively derived from chicken and human to verify how they could modify the immune response in the various steps of the project. This last part of the project allowed to discover new details in understanding whether these particular peptides can change the immune response and how in the future they can be used in the field of immunotherapy and in vaccines.
Le malattie infettive nei suini causano problemi economici agli allevatori e rappresentano anche un forte rischio zoonotico. Uno dei patogeni con maggior rischio zoonotico negli ultimi 15 anni è lo Streptococcus suis, batterio Gram positivo di cui i suini sani sono normalmente portatori nel naso e nella bocca, nei loro tratti digestivi e urogenitali. Tuttavia, alcuni ceppi, possono causare non solo gravi malattie nei suini ma anche ai consumatori di carne infetta o allevatori che entrano in contatto con il suino, portando a gravi setticemie e infezioni celebrali. Questa infezione può essere trattata con antibiotici, ma per prevenire l'antibiotico resistenza si è cercato di formulare un vaccino che, nonostante tutto, non è ancora efficiente. Per questo motivo, è importante acquisire conoscenze immunologiche più specifiche sui suini e comprendere le possibilità per potenziare il loro sistema immunitario in modo da prevenire le malattie infettive. Per far fronte al fenomeno dell’antibiotico resistenza e cercare di ottenere un vaccino efficiente, nel dipartimento di Veterinaria all’Università di Utrecht presso il gruppo di ricerca condotto dal Prof. Henk Haagsman, viene portato avanti lo studio su particolari molecole rilasciate da una grande varietà di cellule e che fanno parte dell'iniziale difesa dell'ospite aventi attività antimicrobica e forti capacità immunomodulatorie: le catelicidine. Il mio progetto, alla quale ho potuto partecipare nell’ambito di un periodo di soggiorno in qualità di studente Erasmus, si è focalizzato dapprima nell'ottenere un buon modello in vitro per l'interazione tra cellule dendritiche e linfociti CD4⁺ suini. Il primo step ha previsto la replicazione e ottimizzazione della proliferazione dei linfociti CD4⁺ tramite l'utilizzo di mitogeni e, una volta trovato il miglior read out, quest'ultimo è stato utilizzato come controllo positivo nell'interazione tra cellule dendritiche e linfociti CD4⁺. Il secondo step, infatti, ha previsto inizialmente l’impostazione e ottimizzazione di un modello per la differenziazione di cellule dendritiche suine da midollo osseo e successivamente per l'interazione tra cellule dendritiche mature e linfociti CD4⁺ utilizzando un comune antigene come Escherichia coli e lipopolisaccaride, misurando poi come questa interazione ha influito sulla proliferazione dei linfociti e sul rilascio di citochine anti e pro-infiammatorie. Questa parte della ricerca è stata fondamentale per capire meglio come il sistema immunitario suino lavora soprattutto grazie all’utilizzo della citometria a flusso e, sviluppando nuove idee nel progetto, è stato trovato un buon metodo nell’analisi delle cellule dopo la loro interazione. Una volta impostato il tutto, sono state utilizzate due tipi di catelicidine, cioè CATH-2 e LL-37, rispettivamente derivanti dal pollo e dall’uomo per verificare come queste modificavano la risposta immunitaria nei vari step del progetto. Quest’ultima parte del progetto ha infatti permesso di scoprire nuovi dettagli sulla loro capacità di modulare la risposta immunitaria e come in futuro potranno essere utilizzati nel campo dell’immunoterapia e nei vaccini.
Studio in vitro dell’interazione modulata da catelicidine fra cellule dendritiche di maiale e cellule CD4 T mediante un antigene batterico.
MONACO, LAURA
2020/2021
Abstract
Infectious diseases in pigs cause economic problems for farmers and also represent a major zoonotic risk. One of the most zoonotic pathogens in the last 15 years is Streptococcus suis, a Gram positive bacterium normally present in the nose, mouth, in digestive and urogenital tracts of healthy pigs. However, some strains can cause not only serious diseases in pigs but also to consumers of infected meat or breeders who come in contact with the infected pig, leading to severe septicemies and brain infections. This infection can be treated with antibiotics, but to prevent antibiotic resistance it was tried to formulate a vaccine that, despite many attemps, is not yet efficient. For this reason, it is important to acquire more specific immunological knowledge about pigs and understand the possibilities to enhance their immune system in order to prevent infectious diseases. To cope with the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance and to develop an efficient vaccine, in the department of Veterinary at the University of Utrecht in the research group conducted by Prof. Henk Haagsman, they focus on particular molecules released by a wide variety of cells and which are part of the initial defense of the host with antimicrobial activity and strong immunomodulatory properties: the cathelicidins. My project, in which I took part as an Erasmus student, was focused first on obtaining a good model in vitro for interaction between dendritic cells and porcine CD4⁺ T cells. The first step included replication and optimization of the proliferation of CD4⁺ T cells through the use of mitogens and, once was found the best read out, this was used as a positive control in the interaction between dendritic cells and CD4⁺ T cells. Indeed the second step initially was related to the setting and optimization for the differentiation of porcine dendritic cells from bone marrow model and subsequently for the interaction between mature dendritic cells and CD4⁺ T cells using a common antigen such as Escherichia coli and LPS, then measuring how this interaction affected the proliferation of lymphocytes and the release of anti and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This part of the research was fundamental to shed light to how the porcine immune system works thanks to the use of flow cytometry and, developing new ideas in the project, a good method was found in the analysis of the cells after their interaction. Once everything was set up, two types of cathelicidins were tested, namely CATH-2 and LL-37, respectively derived from chicken and human to verify how they could modify the immune response in the various steps of the project. This last part of the project allowed to discover new details in understanding whether these particular peptides can change the immune response and how in the future they can be used in the field of immunotherapy and in vaccines.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/13445