Guillain-Barré syndrome is one of the most common neuropathies, and is considered a complex and generalized disorder of the peripheral nervous system, which can also affect the CNS and respiratory muscles. The description of the disease is made during the First World War by three young French doctors specializing in neurology, George Charles Guillain, Jean Alexandre Barré and André Strohl. The main symptom is weakness, sometimes accompanied by paralysis; the syndrome can vary greatly in severity, from particularly mild forms that are not even brought to the attention of the doctor, to devastating forms with almost complete paralysis that can bring the patient close to death or death itself. Considerable progress has been made over the years in understanding the nature of the disease and the mechanisms that lead to its development; in particular, understanding of the pathology and pathogenesis has increased considerably in recent decades, but more certainty is still needed. Most of the studies conducted to date lead to the belief that the cause is autoimmune. Diagnosis in this disease plays a primary role: when patients present with rapidly progressive paralysis, Guillain-Barré syndrome should be diagnosed as soon as possible. The clinical diagnosis can be supported by further investigations (such as cerebrospinal fluid examination and nerve conduction studies), which are particularly useful in patients with atypical features or diagnostic doubts. Recent neurophysiological and pathological studies have led to a classification of the subtypes underlying Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) into acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP); acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN); acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN); Fisher syndrome; and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradicoloneuropathy (CIDP), which represents the chronic form of GBS. Significant antecedent events include infections with Campylobacter jejuni (4-66%), cytomegalovirus (5-15%), Epstein-Barr virus (2-10%), and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections (1-5%). These infections are not uniquely associated with any clinical subtype. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) and plasmapheresis have been shown to be effective treatments for GBS. However, despite these treatment options, many patients have a severe disease course, pain, and residual deficits, so many uncertainties remain to this day. Currently, some new immunological treatment strategies are being studied; there is an attempt to use drugs that have proven to be useful in multiple sclerosis such as interferon beta, or monoclonal antibodies such as Rituximab and Eculizumab, which are raising a lot of hope, and many others, but they are all in clinical trials. It is expected in the future, thanks to research and developments in medicine, to find an ideal cure for this disease, more unique than rare.
La sindrome di Guillain-Barré è una delle neuropatie più diffuse, ed è considerata un disordine complesso e generalizzato del sistema nervoso periferico, che può colpire anche il SNC ed i muscoli respiratori. La descrizione della patologia viene effettuata durante la Prima Guerra Mondiale da parte di tre giovani medici francesi specializzandi in neurologia, George Charles Guillain, Jean Alexandre Barré e André Strohl. Il sintomo principale è la debolezza, a volte accompagnata da paralisi; la sindrome può variare molto in gravità, da forme particolarmente lievi che non vengono nemmeno portate all’attenzione del medico, a forme devastanti con paralisi quasi completa che può portare il paziente vicino alla morte o alla morte stessa. Notevoli progressi sono stati fatti negli anni nella comprensione della natura della malattia e dei meccanismi che portano al suo sviluppo; in particolare, la comprensione della patologia e della patogenesi è aumentata considerevolmente negli ultimi decenni, ma servono ancora maggiori certezze. La maggior parte degli studi condotti fino ad oggi porta a ritenere che la causa sia autoimmune. La diagnosi in questa patologia riveste un ruolo primario: quando i pazienti presentano una paralisi rapidamente progressiva, la sindrome di Guillain-Barré deve essere diagnosticata il prima possibile. La diagnosi clinica può essere supportata da ulteriori indagini (come l'esame del liquido cerebrospinale e gli studi sulla conduzione nervosa), che sono particolarmente utili nei pazienti con caratteristiche atipiche o dubbi diagnostici. Recenti studi neurofisiologici e patologici hanno portato a una classificazione dei sottotipi che sono alla base della sindrome di Guillain-Barré (GBS) in poliradicoloneuropatia demielinizzante infiammatoria acuta (AIDP); neuropatia assonale motoria e sensoriale acuta (AMSAN); neuropatia assonale motoria acuta (AMAN); sindrome di Fisher e poliradicoloneuropatia infiammatoria demielinizzante cronica (CIDP), che rappresenta la forma cronica della GBS. Eventi antecedenti significativi includono infezioni da Campylobacter jejuni (4-66%), citomegalovirus (5-15%), virus di Epstein-Barr (2-10%) e infezioni da Mycoplasma pneumoniae (1-5%). Queste infezioni non sono associate in modo univoco a nessun sottotipo clinico. L'immunoglobulina endovenosa (IVIg) e la plasmaferesi si sono dimostrati trattamenti efficaci per la GBS. Tuttavia, nonostante queste opzioni di trattamento, molti pazienti hanno un decorso grave della malattia, dolore e deficit residui, per cui ancora oggi rimangono molte incertezze. Attualmente sono allo studio alcune nuove strategie di trattamento immunologico; c'è il tentativo di utilizzare farmaci che hanno dimostrato di essere utili nella sclerosi multipla come ad esempio l’interferone beta, oppure anticorpi monoclonali come Rituximab ed Eculizumab, che stanno facendo molto sperare, e molti altri ancora, ma sono tutti in fase di sperimentazioni clinica. Si attende in futuro, grazie alla ricerca e agli sviluppi della medicina, di trovare una cura ideale di questa patologia, più unica che rara.
“Sindrome di Guillain-Barrè: aspetti generali, patogenesi e attuali terapie”
URSO, ANDREA
2019/2020
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome is one of the most common neuropathies, and is considered a complex and generalized disorder of the peripheral nervous system, which can also affect the CNS and respiratory muscles. The description of the disease is made during the First World War by three young French doctors specializing in neurology, George Charles Guillain, Jean Alexandre Barré and André Strohl. The main symptom is weakness, sometimes accompanied by paralysis; the syndrome can vary greatly in severity, from particularly mild forms that are not even brought to the attention of the doctor, to devastating forms with almost complete paralysis that can bring the patient close to death or death itself. Considerable progress has been made over the years in understanding the nature of the disease and the mechanisms that lead to its development; in particular, understanding of the pathology and pathogenesis has increased considerably in recent decades, but more certainty is still needed. Most of the studies conducted to date lead to the belief that the cause is autoimmune. Diagnosis in this disease plays a primary role: when patients present with rapidly progressive paralysis, Guillain-Barré syndrome should be diagnosed as soon as possible. The clinical diagnosis can be supported by further investigations (such as cerebrospinal fluid examination and nerve conduction studies), which are particularly useful in patients with atypical features or diagnostic doubts. Recent neurophysiological and pathological studies have led to a classification of the subtypes underlying Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) into acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP); acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN); acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN); Fisher syndrome; and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradicoloneuropathy (CIDP), which represents the chronic form of GBS. Significant antecedent events include infections with Campylobacter jejuni (4-66%), cytomegalovirus (5-15%), Epstein-Barr virus (2-10%), and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections (1-5%). These infections are not uniquely associated with any clinical subtype. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) and plasmapheresis have been shown to be effective treatments for GBS. However, despite these treatment options, many patients have a severe disease course, pain, and residual deficits, so many uncertainties remain to this day. Currently, some new immunological treatment strategies are being studied; there is an attempt to use drugs that have proven to be useful in multiple sclerosis such as interferon beta, or monoclonal antibodies such as Rituximab and Eculizumab, which are raising a lot of hope, and many others, but they are all in clinical trials. It is expected in the future, thanks to research and developments in medicine, to find an ideal cure for this disease, more unique than rare.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/13484