Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a high-grade lymphoproliferative disease and it represents the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The association between NHL and hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been first demonstrated by epidemiological studies and subsequently by regression of cases of indolent lymphoma after antiviral treatment. The lymphoproliferative conditions related to this viral infection are type II mixed cryoglobulinemia, marginal zone lymphoma and DLBCL. HCV-positive DLBCL show distinct clinical features with respect to HCV-negative cases, in particular a more frequent involvement of extranodal sites and advanced age at diagnosis. The molecular background of HCV-associated DLBCL still remains unclear, while extensive investigation has been performed to unravel the genetics of classic DLBCL. In this experimental thesis we have carried out a monocentric, retrospective and observational study to characterize a large cohort of HCV-positive DLBCL and to define the molecular profile of a smaller subset. The histologic diagnosis was formulated by the Unit of Anatomic Pathology of Pavia. Cell of Origin was determined applying Hans algorithm. FISH analysis was carried out to assess the presence of BCL2, BCL6 and MYC translocations, which are typical for prognostically poor double hit or triple hit lymphomas, and MALT1 rearrangements, suggesting a potential transformation from low-grade lymphoma. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) allowed the study of 144 genes,which are typically mutated in mature B-cell neoplasms. Median age at diagnosis was 67 years (range 46-81), 38% of enrolled patients (8/21) exhibited involvement of at least one extranodal site and median LDH elevation was 870 U/L (upper normal limit: 220 U/L). L’International Prognostic Score (IPI) was >3 (intermediate/high to high) in 10 patients (47.6%). Treatment consisted of chemotherapy CHOP/CEOP in 17 patients (81%) and VACOP-B in 3 cases (14%), while one patient underwent surgical exeresis, only. Rituximab was administered to 4 cases (19%). 5-year overall survival (OS) was 53.9% (29.7%-73.0%), (95%CI), and 5-year progression free survival (PFS) was è 46.4% (24.4%-65.9%). NGS analysis revealed presence of mutations in 78 of total 144 examined genes. Median mutation rate was 10 (IQR: 5-13, range: 1-18) and the median of mutated genes corresponded to 8 (IQR: 4-9, range: 1-14). Alterations of KMT2D (42.9%, 9/21) and HIST1H1E (28.6%, 6/21), belonging to the histone modifiers, are predominant and were found to be mutually exclusive in our cohort. Mutations of CHD2, TBL1XR1, USH2A and SGK1 have been observed in 23.8% of cases. In 19.1% (4/21) of patients, alterations of BTG2, FAS, IRF8, PIM1 e TP53 have been detected, while in 14.3% (3/21) mutations of B2M, BCL6, HIST1H2AC, LRPB1, POU2F2 e TET2 can be described. In general, in our cohort the most frequent gene mutations involve epigenetic regulation, apoptosis and cellular proliferation, tumor microenvironment and, more specifically, PI3K/AKT e JAK/STAT pathways. A larger study including 51 more cases of HCV-related DLBCL is currently ongoing for further molecular characterization.
Il linfoma B diffuso a grandi cellule (DLBCL) è una neoplasia linfoproliferativa ad alto grado e rappresenta il sottotipo più frequente dei linfomi non-Hodgkin (NHL). L’associazione tra alcuni NHL e l’infezione da virus dell’epatite C (HCV) è stata dimostrata in primo luogo grazie a studi epidemiologici e successivamente osservando la regressione di alcuni linfomi indolenti dopo trattamento antivirale. I principali disordini linfoproliferativi associati all’infezione da HCV sono la crioglobulinemia mista di tipo II, il linfoma della zona marginale ed il linfoma B diffusi a grandi cellule. I DLBCL correlati all’infezione da HCV presentano caratteristiche cliniche distinte rispetto ai casi negativi, in particolare più frequente interessamento di sedi extranodali e l’età di insorgenza più avanzata. Il background molecolare del DLBLC HCV-positivo non è completamente noto a fronte di una molto approfondita caratterizzazione della forma classica di DLBCL. In questo lavoro tesi abbiamo effettuato uno studio monocentrico, retrospettivo e osservazionale per caratterizzare un’ampia coorte di DLBCL HCV-positivo e definire il profilo mutazionale di un sottogruppo. La diagnosi istologica è stata posta presso l’Unità di Anatomia Patologica di Pavia. La Cell of Origin è stata determinata mediante algoritmo di Hans. L’analisi citogenetica FISH è stata svolta per indagare la presenza di traslocazioni di BCL2, BCL6, MYC tipici dei linfomi double o triple hit a prognosi sfavorevole, e traslocazioni del gene MALT1, suggestive di un’evoluzione da un linfoma a basso grado. Tramite Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) sono stati studiati 144 geni, classicamente mutati nelle neoplasie a linfociti B mature. L’età media dei pazienti alla diagnosi era 67 anni (range 46-81), il 38% dei pazienti arruolati (8/21) mostrava interessamento di almeno un sito extranodale e i valori di LDH erano aumentati nel 62% (13/21) dei casi. L’International Prognostic Score (IPI) era maggiore di 3 (intermedio/alto ad alto) in 10 pazienti (47.6%). Il trattamento è consistito in chemioterapia CHOP o CHOP-like in 17 pazienti (81%) e VACOP-B in 3 pazienti (14%); un paziente ha subito solo exeresi chirurgica. In 4 casi (19%) è stato somministrato il rituximab. La sopravvivenza globale a 5 anni (95% CI) è del 53.9% (29.7%-73.0%) e la sopravvivenza libera da progression a 5 anni (PFS) è stata del 46.4% (24.4%-65.9%). L’analisi NGS ha rivelato la presenza di mutazioni in 78 dei 144 geni esaminati. La mediana di mutazioni era pari a 10 (IQR: 5-13, range: 1-18) e la mediana di geni mutati è risultata pari a 8 (IQR: 4-9, range: 1-14). Si osserva una predominanza di alterazioni di KMT2D (42.9%, 9/21) e di HIST1H1E (28.6%, 6/21), modificatori istonici le cui mutazioni sono mutualmente esclusive nella nostra coorte. Nel 23.8% dei casi si sono rilevate alterazioni di CHD2, TBL1XR1, USH2A e SGK1. Nel 19.1% (4/21) dei pazienti sono state riscontrate mutazioni di BTG2, FAS, IRF8, PIM1 e TP53, mentre nel 14.3% (3/21) sono osservabili alterazioni di B2M, BCL6, HIST1H2AC, LRPB1, POU2F2 e TET2. In conclusione, nella nostra casistica le lesioni genetiche più frequenti riguardano la regolazione epigenetica, l’apoptosi e la proliferazione cellulare, il microambiente tumorale e, in specifico, pathway come PI3K/AKT e JAK/STAT. E’in corso un ampliamento dello studio su 51 casi che verranno caratterizzati anche dal punto di vista dell’espressione genica.
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF HCV-RELATED DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMAS: A STUDY ON 21 PATIENTS
BERTOSSI, CONSUELO
2020/2021
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a high-grade lymphoproliferative disease and it represents the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The association between NHL and hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been first demonstrated by epidemiological studies and subsequently by regression of cases of indolent lymphoma after antiviral treatment. The lymphoproliferative conditions related to this viral infection are type II mixed cryoglobulinemia, marginal zone lymphoma and DLBCL. HCV-positive DLBCL show distinct clinical features with respect to HCV-negative cases, in particular a more frequent involvement of extranodal sites and advanced age at diagnosis. The molecular background of HCV-associated DLBCL still remains unclear, while extensive investigation has been performed to unravel the genetics of classic DLBCL. In this experimental thesis we have carried out a monocentric, retrospective and observational study to characterize a large cohort of HCV-positive DLBCL and to define the molecular profile of a smaller subset. The histologic diagnosis was formulated by the Unit of Anatomic Pathology of Pavia. Cell of Origin was determined applying Hans algorithm. FISH analysis was carried out to assess the presence of BCL2, BCL6 and MYC translocations, which are typical for prognostically poor double hit or triple hit lymphomas, and MALT1 rearrangements, suggesting a potential transformation from low-grade lymphoma. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) allowed the study of 144 genes,which are typically mutated in mature B-cell neoplasms. Median age at diagnosis was 67 years (range 46-81), 38% of enrolled patients (8/21) exhibited involvement of at least one extranodal site and median LDH elevation was 870 U/L (upper normal limit: 220 U/L). L’International Prognostic Score (IPI) was >3 (intermediate/high to high) in 10 patients (47.6%). Treatment consisted of chemotherapy CHOP/CEOP in 17 patients (81%) and VACOP-B in 3 cases (14%), while one patient underwent surgical exeresis, only. Rituximab was administered to 4 cases (19%). 5-year overall survival (OS) was 53.9% (29.7%-73.0%), (95%CI), and 5-year progression free survival (PFS) was è 46.4% (24.4%-65.9%). NGS analysis revealed presence of mutations in 78 of total 144 examined genes. Median mutation rate was 10 (IQR: 5-13, range: 1-18) and the median of mutated genes corresponded to 8 (IQR: 4-9, range: 1-14). Alterations of KMT2D (42.9%, 9/21) and HIST1H1E (28.6%, 6/21), belonging to the histone modifiers, are predominant and were found to be mutually exclusive in our cohort. Mutations of CHD2, TBL1XR1, USH2A and SGK1 have been observed in 23.8% of cases. In 19.1% (4/21) of patients, alterations of BTG2, FAS, IRF8, PIM1 e TP53 have been detected, while in 14.3% (3/21) mutations of B2M, BCL6, HIST1H2AC, LRPB1, POU2F2 e TET2 can be described. In general, in our cohort the most frequent gene mutations involve epigenetic regulation, apoptosis and cellular proliferation, tumor microenvironment and, more specifically, PI3K/AKT e JAK/STAT pathways. A larger study including 51 more cases of HCV-related DLBCL is currently ongoing for further molecular characterization.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/13524