Background: Anaphylaxis is a potentially life-threatening acute multi-systemic hypersensitivity reaction, whose incidence seems to be increasing. The most common triggers in children are foods, and the presence of atopic comorbidities is a risk factor for anaphylaxis and increased reaction severity. The first line-treatment is adrenaline, although its underuse has been widely reported. Aim of the study: To characterize the cases of anaphylaxis evaluated in the pediatric Allergy Outpatient Unit of the San Matteo Hospital in Pavia. Material and Methods: a retrospective analysis was conducted based on the review of clinical records of patients diagnosed with anaphylaxis between 2001 and 2021. Results: 148 children (91 males) had anaphylaxis reactions, with a median age at reaction of 5 years. 80% had a history of atopy, which correlated with an increased severity. The most common cause of anaphylaxis were foods, mostly tree nuts, milk and egg; the latter two prevailed in the first two years of life. The most frequent symptoms were mucocutaneous, respiratory and/or gastrointestinal. 66% of reactions occurred at home, and 70% of patients resorted to the emergency department, where adrenaline was administered in 27% of cases. 28% of patients developed at least one anaphylaxis recurrence, but only 19% used the adrenaline auto-injector, although everyone owned one. Conclusions: The prevalence of anaphylaxis has increased throughout the studied period, being higher in males. The presence of more comorbidities correlated with higher reactions severity. Most reaction occurred at home and were food-induced. The most common symptoms were mucocutaneous, respiratory and/or gastrointestinal. Despite being the first-line treatment of anaphylaxis, adrenaline is still used in a minority of cases, both in the emergency department and by patients in case of recurrence.
Premessa: L’anafilassi è una reazione d’ipersensibilità acuta multisistemica potenzialmente fatale, la cui incidenza sembra essere in aumento. In età pediatrica la causa principale sono gli alimenti e la presenza di comorbidità atopiche ne favorisce sia l’insorgenza sia una maggior gravità. Nonostante l’adrenalina sia il farmaco di prima linea, ne è ampiamente documentato il suo scarso utilizzo. Scopo: Analizzare le caratteristiche, l’iter terapeutico e diagnostico delle reazioni anafilattiche nei bambini che sono stati valutati presso l’Ambulatorio di Immuno-Allergologia pediatrica della Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo di Pavia. Materiali e metodi: È stata condotta un’analisi retrospettiva basata sulla revisione delle cartelle cliniche dei pazienti con diagnosi di anafilassi tra il 2001 e il 2021. Risultati: 148 pazienti (91 maschi), con età mediana alla reazione di 5 anni e di cui l’80% con comorbidità atopiche, correlate con maggior gravità dell’anafilassi. La causa principale di anafilassi sono stati gli alimenti, principalmente frutta secca, latte e uova, prevalendo questi ultimi due nei primi 2 anni di vita. La maggior parte delle reazioni hanno coinvolto il sistema muco-cutaneo, respiratorio e/o gastrointestinale. Il 66% delle reazioni sono avvenute in ambiente domestico e il 70% dei pazienti si è recato in Pronto Soccorso. In questa sede, l’adrenalina è stata somministrata nel 27% dei casi. Il 28% dei pazienti ha avuto almeno una recidiva di anafilassi, ma solo il 19% di questi ha usato l’adrenalina auto-iniettabile, nonostante tutti ne fossero in possesso. Conclusioni: La prevalenza dell’anafilassi è aumentata nel corso del periodo in studio, essendo maggiore nei maschi. Le presenza di più comorbidità è correlata ad una maggiore gravità della reazione. La maggior parte delle reazioni sono avvenute in ambiente domestico e la principale causa sono stati gli alimenti. La presentazione clinica più frequente ha visto l’interessamento simultaneo del sistema muco-cutaneo, respiratorio e/o gastrointestinale. Si conferma lo scarso utilizzo di adrenalina, sia al Pronto Soccorso, sia dai pazienti in caso di recidiva.
Pediatric anaphylaxis: a 20-year retrospective analysis
ALBINI, MARIA
2020/2021
Abstract
Background: Anaphylaxis is a potentially life-threatening acute multi-systemic hypersensitivity reaction, whose incidence seems to be increasing. The most common triggers in children are foods, and the presence of atopic comorbidities is a risk factor for anaphylaxis and increased reaction severity. The first line-treatment is adrenaline, although its underuse has been widely reported. Aim of the study: To characterize the cases of anaphylaxis evaluated in the pediatric Allergy Outpatient Unit of the San Matteo Hospital in Pavia. Material and Methods: a retrospective analysis was conducted based on the review of clinical records of patients diagnosed with anaphylaxis between 2001 and 2021. Results: 148 children (91 males) had anaphylaxis reactions, with a median age at reaction of 5 years. 80% had a history of atopy, which correlated with an increased severity. The most common cause of anaphylaxis were foods, mostly tree nuts, milk and egg; the latter two prevailed in the first two years of life. The most frequent symptoms were mucocutaneous, respiratory and/or gastrointestinal. 66% of reactions occurred at home, and 70% of patients resorted to the emergency department, where adrenaline was administered in 27% of cases. 28% of patients developed at least one anaphylaxis recurrence, but only 19% used the adrenaline auto-injector, although everyone owned one. Conclusions: The prevalence of anaphylaxis has increased throughout the studied period, being higher in males. The presence of more comorbidities correlated with higher reactions severity. Most reaction occurred at home and were food-induced. The most common symptoms were mucocutaneous, respiratory and/or gastrointestinal. Despite being the first-line treatment of anaphylaxis, adrenaline is still used in a minority of cases, both in the emergency department and by patients in case of recurrence.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/13579