Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are a therapeutic tool of great interest in the fight against the current pandemic of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The emergency situation has stimulated an accelerated program of international research to identify new medical strategies that can limit the spread of infection and reduce the associated morbidity and mortality. Vaccine prophylaxis seems to be the main strategy; however, the possibility of accessing also to different therapeutic options, including monoclonal antibodies, is certainly relevant to deal with a virus spread globally. Several neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 have been developed and are now being evaluated in clinical trials; the US Food and Drug Administration, during the last year, has granted emergency approvals for the use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in non-hospitalized patients with mild to moderate forms of COVID-19. Monoclonal antibodies are able to bind, in a specific way, to the surface protein of the coronavirus, known as Spike protein, neutralizing the ability of the pathogen to bind to the ACE2 receptor present on human host cells. This interaction is, in fact, fundamental in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 for its entry into the cell and the subsequent replication; the purpose of monoclonal antibodies is to hinder this step in the life cycle of the virus. In the course of this thesis, aspects concerning the pathology, the characteristics of the virus and the treatments available in the context of passive immunization will be analyzed. The purpose of the thesis is to provide an overview of this class of drugs to analyze their efficacy, hypothesizing a rationale for use that identifies the categories of patients who can benefit from these treatments and the timing for optimal clinical use.
Gli anticorpi monoclonali neutralizzanti sono uno strumento terapeutico di grande interesse nell’ambito della lotta all’attuale pandemia di COVID-19, causata dal coronavirus 2 da sindrome respiratoria acuta grave (SARS-CoV-2). La situazione di emergenza ha stimolato un programma accelerato di ricerca internazionale per identificare nuove strategie mediche che possano limitare la diffusione dell'infezione, riducendo la morbilità e la mortalità ad essa collegate. La profilassi tramite i vaccini sembra essere la strategia principale; tuttavia, la possibilità di accedere anche a opzioni terapeutiche differenti, tra cui gli anticorpi monoclonali, è sicuramente rilevante per affrontare un virus diffuso a livello globale. Diversi anticorpi monoclonali neutralizzanti contro il virus SARS-CoV-2 sono stati sviluppati e sono ora in fase di valutazione negli studi clinici; la Food and Drug Administration degli Stati Uniti, durante l’ultimo anno, ha concesso autorizzazioni di emergenza per l'uso di anticorpi monoclonali neutralizzanti in pazienti non ospedalizzati, affetti da forme di COVID-19 valutate da lievi a moderate. Gli anticorpi monoclonali sono in grado di legarsi, in modo specifico, alla proteina di superfice del coronavirus, nota come proteina Spike, neutralizzando la capacità dell’agente patogeno di legarsi al recettore ACE2 presente sulle cellule dell’ospite umano. Questa interazione è, infatti, fondamentale nella patogenesi del SARS-CoV-2 per il suo ingresso nella cellula e la conseguente replicazione; lo scopo degli anticorpi monoclonali è quello di ostacolare questo passaggio del ciclo vitale del virus. Nel corso della tesi verranno analizzati gli aspetti che riguardano la patologia, le caratteristiche del virus e i trattamenti disponibili nel contesto dell’immunizzazione passiva. L’obiettivo della tesi è quello di fornire una panoramica su questa classe di farmaci per analizzare la loro efficacia, ipotizzando un razionale di utilizzo che identifichi le categorie di pazienti che possono beneficiare di questi trattamenti e le tempistiche per un uso clinico ottimale.
Sviluppo di anticorpi monoclonali utilizzati per la terapia delle infezioni da SARS-CoV-2
SCORSETTI, FILIPPO
2020/2021
Abstract
Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are a therapeutic tool of great interest in the fight against the current pandemic of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The emergency situation has stimulated an accelerated program of international research to identify new medical strategies that can limit the spread of infection and reduce the associated morbidity and mortality. Vaccine prophylaxis seems to be the main strategy; however, the possibility of accessing also to different therapeutic options, including monoclonal antibodies, is certainly relevant to deal with a virus spread globally. Several neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 have been developed and are now being evaluated in clinical trials; the US Food and Drug Administration, during the last year, has granted emergency approvals for the use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in non-hospitalized patients with mild to moderate forms of COVID-19. Monoclonal antibodies are able to bind, in a specific way, to the surface protein of the coronavirus, known as Spike protein, neutralizing the ability of the pathogen to bind to the ACE2 receptor present on human host cells. This interaction is, in fact, fundamental in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 for its entry into the cell and the subsequent replication; the purpose of monoclonal antibodies is to hinder this step in the life cycle of the virus. In the course of this thesis, aspects concerning the pathology, the characteristics of the virus and the treatments available in the context of passive immunization will be analyzed. The purpose of the thesis is to provide an overview of this class of drugs to analyze their efficacy, hypothesizing a rationale for use that identifies the categories of patients who can benefit from these treatments and the timing for optimal clinical use.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/13717