Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM is the most common and malignant brain tumor among the various neoplasia of the Central Nervous System. In particular, it’s the most common among the primitive tumors of the brain, originating directly in the brain tissue. GBM is one of the most aggressive form of cancer that afflict humans: the average survival from diagnosis is about 15 months and current therapeutic approaches to treatment extend patients survival to only few months. Factors such as the anatomical site, the infiltrative character of the neoplasm and the genetic profile negatively influence the prognosis. The main obstacle to therapy lies in the pathogenetic conditions that involve the neoplasm transduction pathways: thanks to the presence of glioma stem cells and mutations, the tumor easily finds "escape pathways" to drugs, acquiring resistance quickly and making the traditional therapeutics ineffective, such as using TMZ and radiotherapy, singly or in combination. This thesis has as its first objective the description of the pathogenetic factors involved in GBM, observing the various mutated transduction pathways involved within the tumor cell, and then analyzing the most current therapies targeted at oncogenic alterations in brain cancer cells. This thesis focuses on: tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs, EGFR, VEGFR, FGFR e c-MET, pathways proteins like PIK3/AKT/mTOR and related inhibitors, regulation of the p53 protein and of RB and nuclear transcription pathways (XPO1). The combination of different therapeutic approaches, chosen on the basis of the mutations of the transduction pathways, seems to be the best way to follow: it reduces the onset of resistance to therapies and side effects, increasing patient survival and sensitizes GBM cells to traditional therapeutic agents.
Il Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM è il tumore cerebrale più comune e maligno tra le varie neoplasie del Sistema Nervoso Centrale. In particolare, risulta il più diffuso tra i tumori primitivi dell’encefalo, ossia aventi direttamente origine nel tessuto cerebrale. Il GBM è una delle forme tumorali più aggressive che affliggono l’uomo: la sopravvivenza media dalla diagnosi è di circa 15 mesi e gli attuali approcci terapeutici consentono al paziente di allungare la propria sopravvivenza solo di qualche mese. Fattori come la sede anatomica, il carattere infiltrativo della neoplasia e il profilo genetico influenzano negativamente la prognosi. Il principale ostacolo alla terapia risiede nelle alterazioni patogenetiche che coinvolgono le vie di trasduzione della neoplasia: grazie alla presenza delle cellule staminali del glioma e alle mutazioni il tumore trova facilmente delle “vie di fuga” ai farmaci, acquisendo resistenza rapidamente e rendendo inefficaci gli approcci terapeutici tradizionali, come l’utilizzo di TMZ e radioterapia, singolarmente o in combinazione. Questa tesi ha come primo obiettivo la descrizione dei fattori patogenetici coinvolti nel GBM, osservando le varie vie di trasduzione mutate coinvolte all’interno della cellula tumorale, per poi analizzare le più attuali terapie mirate alle alterazioni oncogeniche presenti all’interno delle cellule cancerose cerebrali. Oggetto della tesi sono stati: i recettori tirosin kinasici (RTKs), in particolare EGFR, VEGFR, FGFR e c-MET le rispettive proteine di trasduzione del segnale come PIK3/AKT/mTOR con i relativi inibitori, la regolazione della proteina p53 e di RB e le vie di trascrizione nucleare (XPO1). La combinazione di diversi approcci terapeutici, scelti in base alle mutazioni riguardanti le vie di trasduzione, sembra essere la strada giusta da percorrere: riduce l’insorgere di resistenza alle terapie e di effetti collaterali aumentando la sopravvivenza del paziente, oltre a sensibilizzare il GBM agli agenti terapeutici tradizionali.
Patogenesi e terapie mirate del Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)
ZAURITO, AGOSTINO
2020/2021
Abstract
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM is the most common and malignant brain tumor among the various neoplasia of the Central Nervous System. In particular, it’s the most common among the primitive tumors of the brain, originating directly in the brain tissue. GBM is one of the most aggressive form of cancer that afflict humans: the average survival from diagnosis is about 15 months and current therapeutic approaches to treatment extend patients survival to only few months. Factors such as the anatomical site, the infiltrative character of the neoplasm and the genetic profile negatively influence the prognosis. The main obstacle to therapy lies in the pathogenetic conditions that involve the neoplasm transduction pathways: thanks to the presence of glioma stem cells and mutations, the tumor easily finds "escape pathways" to drugs, acquiring resistance quickly and making the traditional therapeutics ineffective, such as using TMZ and radiotherapy, singly or in combination. This thesis has as its first objective the description of the pathogenetic factors involved in GBM, observing the various mutated transduction pathways involved within the tumor cell, and then analyzing the most current therapies targeted at oncogenic alterations in brain cancer cells. This thesis focuses on: tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs, EGFR, VEGFR, FGFR e c-MET, pathways proteins like PIK3/AKT/mTOR and related inhibitors, regulation of the p53 protein and of RB and nuclear transcription pathways (XPO1). The combination of different therapeutic approaches, chosen on the basis of the mutations of the transduction pathways, seems to be the best way to follow: it reduces the onset of resistance to therapies and side effects, increasing patient survival and sensitizes GBM cells to traditional therapeutic agents.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/13743