The work of this thesis is developed within the NECTAR EU project: NEutron Capture- enhanced Treatment of neurotoxic Amyloid aggRegates. The project is led and carried out by the Physics Department of Pavia University in collaboration with several Italian and foreign, EU partners. The aim of the project is to evaluate the feasibility, safety and effectiveness of the irradiation by high LET secondary radiations coming from B-10 and Gd-157 neutron capture reactions in destroying the aggregates of the β-amyloid (Aβ) protein located in the extracellular matrix of brain cells and leading to the neurodegeneration of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The goal of the thesis is to develop a detailed and benchmarked knowledge of the Monte Carlo PHITS code to use it for the predicition of energy deposition and dose delivering in the targets addressed by the NECTAR project, i.e.: (i) the Aβ aggregates, ranging from few nm diameter up to tens um diameter (microscopic target) and (ii) the whole brain of an AD transgenic mouse model (macroscpic target). For the named two objectives the PHITS code offers very interesting computational tools on which the thesis focuses; they are: the microdosimetric tally T-SED and the DICOM2PHITS built-in routine to develop an anatomically detailed phantom of the animal starting from diagnostic images. The first two chapters of the thesis give the frame of the project and then of the performed original work. The first chapter presents the state-of-art of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) with its main aspects and the protein components involved while the second chapter introduces the topic of microdosimetry and then describes the Monte Carlo PHITS code putting specific enphasis on the tools exploited in the thesis. The third chapter is dedicated to the validation of the PHITS code, in particular its tally of microdosimetry T-SED which is able to predict the microdosimetric y*d(y) spectra in water. The experimental data used for the validation are the alpha particle linear energy spectra measured by an avalanche confinement, wall-less Tissue-Equivalent Proportional Counter (TEPC) developed at Milano Politecnico by Professor Agosteo and Professor Pola’s group. The measurements were performed at the CATANA facility of the INFN-LNS laboratory using a 62 MeV/n alpha particle beam. Thanks to the positive validation of the T-SED tally, chapter four exploits widely the tally to estimate the y*d(y) spectra in the Aβ aggregates, considering the different geometries of the aggregates and the different possible scenarios of binding between the protein and the neutron capture nucleus of boron-10. The simulated results are a first guess of the energy deposited inside the Aβ aggregates during the neutron irradiation of protein water solutions. Experimental irradiation were performed at the nuclear research reactor Triga Mark II of Pavia University, in collaboration with the Chemistry Department and the Biotechnology and Health Science Department of Torino University where innovative B-10 and Gd-157 enriched molecules are under development for a select targeting of the Aβ protein in vivo. In view of the in vivo steps of the NECTAR project where healthy and AD transgenic mice will be irradiated at the Pavia TRIGA reactor to prove the safety and effectiveness of the radiation treatment in the treatment of AD, the fifth chapter aims to propose a preliminary BNCT treatment plan for mice. In particular, the DICOM2PHITS tool was used to convert uCT whole-body images of the animal into a PHITS input code containing a detailed geometry of the mouse body. This phantom was used to set up a basic treatment plan for the animal irradiation inside the reactor, in particular using the BNCT facility housed in the thermal column of the reactor characterized by an almost isotropic thermal neutron field.
Il suddetto lavoro di tesi è stato sviluppato nell'ambito del progetto NECTAR EU: “NEUtron Capture-Enhanced Treatment of neurotoxic Amyloid aggRegates”, condotto dal Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Pavia in collaborazione con diversi partner italiani ed internazionali. Lo scopo del progetto è quello provare l'efficacia delle radiazioni secondarie ad alto LET, provenienti da reazioni di cattura neutronica del B-10 e del Gd-157, nel distruggere gli aggregati della proteina β-amiloide (Aβ). Questi si localizzano nella matrice extracellulare delle cellule cerebrali e inducono lo sviluppo della malattia di Alzheimer (AD). L’obiettivo della tesi è quello di sviluppare una conoscenza dettagliata del codice Monte Carlo PHITS da utilizzare nella valutazione delle deposizioni energetiche e di dose nei target presentati nel progetto NECTAR, ovvero: (i) gli aggregati di Aβ, che vanno da pochi nm di diametro fino a decine di um (bersaglio microscopico) e (ii) l'intero cervello di un modello di topo transgenico AD (bersaglio macroscopico). Il codice PHITS offre strumenti computazionali molto interessanti sui quali si articola il lavoro di tesi: il tally microdosimetrico T-SED e la routine integrata DICOM2PHITS per sviluppare un modello anatomicamente dettagliato dell'animale a partire da immagini diagnostiche. I primi due capitoli della tesi fanno da cornice al lavoro svolto. Il primo illustra lo stato dell'arte della malattia di Alzheimer (AD) con i suoi principali aspetti e le componenti proteiche coinvolte mentre il secondo capitolo presenta il tema della microdosimetria e offe un’attenta descrizione del codice Monte Carlo PHITS. Il terzo capitolo è dedicato alla validazione del codice PHITS, in particolare al suo tally di microdosimetria, T-SED, in grado di predire gli spettri microdosimetrici y*d(y) in acqua. I dati sperimentali utilizzati per la validazione sono gli spettri di energia lineale delle particelle alfa misurati da un Contatore Proporzionale Tessuto-Equivalente (TEPC) a confinamento di valanga, sviluppato dal professor Agosteo e dal gruppo del professor Pola presso il Politecnico di Milano. Le misure sono state eseguite presso la struttura CATANA del laboratorio INFN-LNS utilizzando un fascio di particelle alfa da 62 MeV/n. Grazie alla validazione del tally T-SED, il capitolo quattro sfrutta ampiamente tale tally microdosimetrico per stimare gli spettri y*d(y) negli aggregati Aβ, considerando le diverse geometrie degli aggregati e i diversi possibili legami tra la proteina e il nucleo di cattura neutronica del B-10. I risultati simulati sono una prima stima dell'energia depositata all'interno degli aggregati di Aβ durante l'irraggiamento di soluzioni proteiche acquose con neutroni. L'attività sperimentale è stata eseguita presso il reattore di ricerca nucleare Triga Mark II dell'Università di Pavia, in collaborazione con il Dipartimento di Chimica e il Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Salute dell'Università di Torino dove sono in fase di sviluppo innovative molecole arricchite di B-10 e Gd-157 per un targeting selezionato della proteina Aβ in vivo. In vista dell’attività di irraggiamento in vivo del progetto NECTAR in cui topi sani e transgenici con AD verranno irradiati presso il reattore TRIGA di Pavia per dimostrare la sicurezza e l'efficacia del trattamento con radiazioni nel trattamento dell'AD, il quinto capitolo propone un piano di trattamento preliminare di BNCT per topi. In particolare, lo strumento DICOM2PHITS è stato utilizzato per convertire le immagini uCT dell'intero corpo dell'animale in un codice di input PHITS contenente una geometria dettagliata del corpo del topo. Questo fantoccio è stato utilizzato per impostare un piano di trattamento di base per l'irradiazione animale all'interno del reattore, in particolare utilizzando l'impianto BNCT della colonna termica del reattore, caratterizzato da un campo di neutroni termici quasi isotropo.
Monte Carlo simulations ranging from microscopic up to macroscopic level for the irradiation of protein aggregates exploiting neutron capture reactions Simulazioni Monte Carlo dalla scala microscopica a quella macroscopica per l’irraggiamento di aggregati proteici mediante reazioni di cattura neutronica
PASCALI, VALERIA
2020/2021
Abstract
The work of this thesis is developed within the NECTAR EU project: NEutron Capture- enhanced Treatment of neurotoxic Amyloid aggRegates. The project is led and carried out by the Physics Department of Pavia University in collaboration with several Italian and foreign, EU partners. The aim of the project is to evaluate the feasibility, safety and effectiveness of the irradiation by high LET secondary radiations coming from B-10 and Gd-157 neutron capture reactions in destroying the aggregates of the β-amyloid (Aβ) protein located in the extracellular matrix of brain cells and leading to the neurodegeneration of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The goal of the thesis is to develop a detailed and benchmarked knowledge of the Monte Carlo PHITS code to use it for the predicition of energy deposition and dose delivering in the targets addressed by the NECTAR project, i.e.: (i) the Aβ aggregates, ranging from few nm diameter up to tens um diameter (microscopic target) and (ii) the whole brain of an AD transgenic mouse model (macroscpic target). For the named two objectives the PHITS code offers very interesting computational tools on which the thesis focuses; they are: the microdosimetric tally T-SED and the DICOM2PHITS built-in routine to develop an anatomically detailed phantom of the animal starting from diagnostic images. The first two chapters of the thesis give the frame of the project and then of the performed original work. The first chapter presents the state-of-art of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) with its main aspects and the protein components involved while the second chapter introduces the topic of microdosimetry and then describes the Monte Carlo PHITS code putting specific enphasis on the tools exploited in the thesis. The third chapter is dedicated to the validation of the PHITS code, in particular its tally of microdosimetry T-SED which is able to predict the microdosimetric y*d(y) spectra in water. The experimental data used for the validation are the alpha particle linear energy spectra measured by an avalanche confinement, wall-less Tissue-Equivalent Proportional Counter (TEPC) developed at Milano Politecnico by Professor Agosteo and Professor Pola’s group. The measurements were performed at the CATANA facility of the INFN-LNS laboratory using a 62 MeV/n alpha particle beam. Thanks to the positive validation of the T-SED tally, chapter four exploits widely the tally to estimate the y*d(y) spectra in the Aβ aggregates, considering the different geometries of the aggregates and the different possible scenarios of binding between the protein and the neutron capture nucleus of boron-10. The simulated results are a first guess of the energy deposited inside the Aβ aggregates during the neutron irradiation of protein water solutions. Experimental irradiation were performed at the nuclear research reactor Triga Mark II of Pavia University, in collaboration with the Chemistry Department and the Biotechnology and Health Science Department of Torino University where innovative B-10 and Gd-157 enriched molecules are under development for a select targeting of the Aβ protein in vivo. In view of the in vivo steps of the NECTAR project where healthy and AD transgenic mice will be irradiated at the Pavia TRIGA reactor to prove the safety and effectiveness of the radiation treatment in the treatment of AD, the fifth chapter aims to propose a preliminary BNCT treatment plan for mice. In particular, the DICOM2PHITS tool was used to convert uCT whole-body images of the animal into a PHITS input code containing a detailed geometry of the mouse body. This phantom was used to set up a basic treatment plan for the animal irradiation inside the reactor, in particular using the BNCT facility housed in the thermal column of the reactor characterized by an almost isotropic thermal neutron field.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/13919