AQPs are integral membrane proteins that form channels in biological membranes, and are mainly involved in the transport of water and small molecules such as ammonia and glycerol. Recently, the involvement of some AQPs, known as “peroxyporins” in the transport of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has also been shown. H2O2 is the most abundant and most stable reactive oxygen species (ROS) in living cells and can have different effects (positive or negative) based on its concentration. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the role of peroxyporins in human spermatozoa. In particular, this thesis was aimed at: 1. Clarify the expression, location and function of AQPs in human spermatozoa; 2. Evaluate the water and H2O2 permeability of AQPs in sub-fertile and normospermic subjects, in particular establishing the correlation between the transport of H2O2 and the functioning of spermatozoa; 3. Investigate the possible effect of the papilloma virus on the expression and function of human AQPs in spermatozoa in sub-fertile and normospermic patients. The first part of the research focused on studying the expression and localization of AQPs in human spermatozoa through immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting. The proteins expressed in these cells are AQP3, 7, 8 and 11. The second part of the study, on the other hand, concerned the assessment of the permeability to water and H2O2 by the AQPs expressed in the sperms of sub-fertile and normospermic subjects. The permeability was evaluated using the stopped flow light scattering method and with the use of a fluorescent probe for H2O2. The cells were subjected to various experimental conditions to evaluate the effect of: External oxidative stress (cells treated with H2O2); Internal oxidative stress (cells incubated at 42 ° C); Mercury Chloride Exposure. The results showed that in normospermic subjects, treatment with H2O2 and heat resulted in a significant reduction in water and H2O2 permeability; while in sub-fertile subjects there is no such reduction because the permeability is already reduced. Furthermore, treatment with HgCl2, a typical inhibitor of AQPs, demonstrated the direct involvement of AQPs. Through this research it was also possible to establish a correlation between the number and motility of spermatozoa with the role of AQPs as peroxyporins. In fact, the reduction in H2O2 permeability mediated by AQPs leads to a reduced elimination of ROS from spermatozoa (impairment of the detoxification mechanism) and causes their loss of functionality. The last part of the research focused on the effect of the papilloma virus on AQPs in human spermatozoa. The experiments were conducted using the stopped-flow light scattering method and the results obtained were the following: - HPV infection affects the expression of AQPs in sperm cells in a different way, which is increased in normospermic patients and decreases in sub-fertile individuals; - HPV infection heavily reduces the water permeability of spermatic cells in normospermic patients; Confocal immunofluorescence experiments showed a co-localization of the HPV L1 protein with AQP8.
Le AQPs sono proteine integrali di membrana che formano canali nelle membrane biologiche, e sono principalmente coinvolte nel trasporto di acqua e piccole molecole come ammoniaca e glicerolo. Recentemente, è stato anche dimostrato il coinvolgimento di alcune AQPs, conosciute come “perossiporine” nel trasporto del perossido di idrogeno (H2O2). H2O2 è la specie reattiva dell’ossigeno (ROS) più abbondante e più stabile nelle cellule viventi e può avere effetti diversi (positivi o negativi) in base alla sua concentrazione. Lo scopo di questa tesi è stato quello di valutare il ruolo delle perossiporine negli spermatozoi umani. In particolare, questa tesi era rivolta a: 1. Chiarire l’espressione, la localizzazione e la funzione delle AQPs negli spermatozoi umani; 2. Valutare la permeabilità all’acqua e all’H2O2 delle AQPs in soggetti sub-fertili e normospermici, in particolare stabilire la correlazione tra il trasporto di H2O2 e il funzionamento degli spermatozoi; 3. Investigare il possibile effetto del papilloma virus sull’espressione e sulla funzione delle AQPs umane negli spermatozoi in pazienti sub-fertili e normospermici. La prima parte della ricerca si è focalizzata sullo studio dell’espressione e della localizzazione delle AQPs negli spermatozoi umani tramite l’immunocitochimica e l’immunoblotting. Le proteine espresse in queste cellule sono AQP3, 7, 8 e 11. La seconda parte dello studio riguardava, invece, la valutazione della permeabilità all’acqua e all’H2O2 da parte delle AQPs espresse negli spermi di soggetti sub-fertili e normospermici. La permeabilità è stata valutata tramite il metodo dello stopped flow light scattering e con l’uso di una sonda fluorescente per l’H2O2. Le cellule sono state sottoposte a diverse condizioni sperimentali per valutare l’effetto di: Stress ossidativo esterno (cellule trattate con H2O2); Stress ossidativo interno (cellule incubate a 42°C); Esposizione al cloruro di mercurio. I risultati hanno mostrato che nei soggetti normospermici, il trattamento con H2O2 e con calore comportava una significativa riduzione della permeabilità all’acqua e all’H2O2; mentre nei soggetti sub-fertili non si assiste a questa riduzione perché la permeabilità è già ridotta. Inoltre, il trattamento con HgCl2, tipico inibitore delle AQPs, ha dimostrato il diretto coinvolgimento delle AQPs. Tramite questa ricerca è stato possibile anche stabilire una correlazione tra il numero e la motilità degli spermatozoi con il ruolo dell'AQPs come perossiporine. Infatti, la riduzione della permeabilità all’H2O2 mediato dalle AQPs determina una ridotta eliminazione dei ROS dagli spermatozoi (compromissione del meccanismo di detossificazione) e causa una loro perdita di funzionalità. L’ultima parte della ricerca si è focalizzata sull’effetto del papilloma virus nei confronti delle AQPs negli spermatozoi umani. Gli esperimenti sono stati condotti tramite il metodo di stopped-flow light scattering e i risultati ottenuti sono stati i seguenti: - L’infezione da HPV influenza in maniera differente l’espressione delle AQPs nelle cellule spermatiche, la quale è incrementata in pazienti normospermici e diminuisce negli individui sub-fertili; - l'infezione da HPV riduce pesantemente la permeabilità all'acqua delle cellule spermatiche in pazienti normospermici; Esperimenti di immunofluorescenza confocale mostrarono una co-localizzazione della proteina HPV L1 con AQP8.
Il ruolo delle perossiporine negli spermatozoi umani
AMENDOLA, ALESSIA
2020/2021
Abstract
AQPs are integral membrane proteins that form channels in biological membranes, and are mainly involved in the transport of water and small molecules such as ammonia and glycerol. Recently, the involvement of some AQPs, known as “peroxyporins” in the transport of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has also been shown. H2O2 is the most abundant and most stable reactive oxygen species (ROS) in living cells and can have different effects (positive or negative) based on its concentration. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the role of peroxyporins in human spermatozoa. In particular, this thesis was aimed at: 1. Clarify the expression, location and function of AQPs in human spermatozoa; 2. Evaluate the water and H2O2 permeability of AQPs in sub-fertile and normospermic subjects, in particular establishing the correlation between the transport of H2O2 and the functioning of spermatozoa; 3. Investigate the possible effect of the papilloma virus on the expression and function of human AQPs in spermatozoa in sub-fertile and normospermic patients. The first part of the research focused on studying the expression and localization of AQPs in human spermatozoa through immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting. The proteins expressed in these cells are AQP3, 7, 8 and 11. The second part of the study, on the other hand, concerned the assessment of the permeability to water and H2O2 by the AQPs expressed in the sperms of sub-fertile and normospermic subjects. The permeability was evaluated using the stopped flow light scattering method and with the use of a fluorescent probe for H2O2. The cells were subjected to various experimental conditions to evaluate the effect of: External oxidative stress (cells treated with H2O2); Internal oxidative stress (cells incubated at 42 ° C); Mercury Chloride Exposure. The results showed that in normospermic subjects, treatment with H2O2 and heat resulted in a significant reduction in water and H2O2 permeability; while in sub-fertile subjects there is no such reduction because the permeability is already reduced. Furthermore, treatment with HgCl2, a typical inhibitor of AQPs, demonstrated the direct involvement of AQPs. Through this research it was also possible to establish a correlation between the number and motility of spermatozoa with the role of AQPs as peroxyporins. In fact, the reduction in H2O2 permeability mediated by AQPs leads to a reduced elimination of ROS from spermatozoa (impairment of the detoxification mechanism) and causes their loss of functionality. The last part of the research focused on the effect of the papilloma virus on AQPs in human spermatozoa. The experiments were conducted using the stopped-flow light scattering method and the results obtained were the following: - HPV infection affects the expression of AQPs in sperm cells in a different way, which is increased in normospermic patients and decreases in sub-fertile individuals; - HPV infection heavily reduces the water permeability of spermatic cells in normospermic patients; Confocal immunofluorescence experiments showed a co-localization of the HPV L1 protein with AQP8.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/13985