Staphylococcus aureus is a widespread pathogen that poses a serious threat to public health. This pathogen can cause a wide variety of diseases, ranging from moderately severe skin infections to fatal pneumonia and sepsis. This pathogen can also exhibit several antibiotic resistances, making it a hard-to-defeat pathogen. The most common resistances found are resistance to methicillin, vancomycin and beta-lactam antibiotics. Unfortunately, resistance to daptomycin, linezolid and other last resort antibodies have also been recorded. The spreading of these resistance mechanisms inevitably causes an acute increase in the severity of the infection and in the death toll, requiring the urgent adoption of new therapeutic approaches. This work investigates the possibility of using monoclonal antibodies as a viable therapeutic strategy to treat S. aureus infections, especially in patients that do not respond to the traditional antibiotic-based therapeutic approach. The infection starts with the adherence of bacteria to host tissues through specific proteins, called Microbial Surface Components Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules (MSCRAMMs), that bind to components of the host extracellular matrix. The major representative of the MSCRAMM family is the collagen-binding protein CNA. In the wake of previous findings, anti-CNA single-chain variable fragment antibodies-crystallizable fragment (scFv-Fc) were tested on in-vitro infection models. The disruption or the prevention of the CNA-collagen interaction would be a pivotal achievement in the effort of preventing the onset of the infection and eradicating S. aureus from a host. The scFv-Fcs were selected, through phage display, against the staphylococcal collagen adhesin CNA (151-318), the fragment that has the minimum collagen-binding activity, since it has been shown to be a relevant virulence factor in many different animal models of arthritis, keratitis, endocarditis, mastitis and osteomyelitis. The antibodies selected were 20 but two antibodies have been excluded from the characterization since they showed very low affinity for CNA (151-318). Preliminary studies demonstrated that 10 antibodies were only CNA (151-318) binders, 7 bound CNA (151-318) and CNA (31-344) and 1 antibody could bind CNA (151-318), CNA (31-344) and another structurally and functionally related adhesin expressed by Enterococcus faecium (ACM). After the biochemical and biophysical characterization, we investigated the activity of the antibodies and we discovered one antibody displaying both inhibiting and displacing activity on CNA-collagen binding and another that could enhance the binding to collagen. The activity assay was then performed on bacteria that could express the protein to confirm the findings. Lastly, to better define the properties of these monoclonal antibodies, the nature of the epitope, which was previously investigated by ELISA and SPR analysis in order to map the epitopes, was further investigated via in-silico epitope mapping to confirm previous findings. This experimental thesis was carried out in the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia under the supervision of Prof. L. Visai and Dr. E. Restivo and thanks to the collaborations of Prof. M. Hust of the Department of Biotechnology at Technische Universität Braunschweig, (Braunschweig, Germany) and Prof. L. Varani at the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (Bellinzona, Switzerland).
Staphylococcus aureus è un patogeno ampiamente diffuso e che costituisce una seria minaccia per la salute pubblica. Questo patogeno è responsabile di una vasta gamma di infezioni, tra cui infezioni cutanee moderatamente severe, ma anche polmoniti letali e sepsi. Questo patogeno è in grado di esibire anche diversi meccanismi di antibiotico-resistenza, che lo rendono un patogeno difficilmente debellabile. Le resistenze più comunemente registrate sono la resistenza alla meticillina, alla vancomicina e ai beta-lattamici. Purtroppo, sono state registrate anche resistenze nei confronti della daptomicina, del linezolid e di altri antibiotici utilizzati come ultima risorsa terapeutica. La diffusione di questi meccanismi di resistenza è inevitabilmente responsabile di un aumento della severità delle infezioni e del tasso di mortalità. Questo richiede l’adozione urgente di nuovi approcci terapeutici. Questo lavoro di tesi indaga la possibilità di impiegare gli anticorpi monoclonali come possibile strategia terapeutica per trattare le infezioni da S. aureus, specialmente nei pazienti che non rispondono alla tradizionale terapia antibiotica. L’infezione da parte di S. aureus ha inizio con l’adesione dei batteri ai tessuti dell’ospite tramite specifiche proteine chiamate “Microbial Surface Components Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules” (MSCRAMMs), che legano i componenti della matrice extracellulare dell’ospite. La principale rappresentante della famiglia MSCRAMMM è la proteina legante il collagene CNA. Sulla scia dei risultati precedentemente ottenuti, frammenti variabili di anticorpi a catena singola dotati di segmento Fc (scFv-Fc) diretti contro la CNA sono stati testati su modelli di infezione in vitro. Lo scioglimento o la prevenzione dell’interazione tra CNA e collagene costituirebbe un risultato essenziale nel tentativo di prevenire lo sviluppo di un’infezione e di eradicare il patogeno dall’organismo ospite. Gli scFv-Fc sono stati selezionati, tramite la tecnica del phage display, contro la proteina stafilococcica CNA (151-318), il frammento minimo in grado di legare il collagene, che è stato dimostrato essere un importante fattore di virulenza in molti modelli animali di artrite, cheratite, endocardite, endocardite, mastite e osteomielite. Gli anticorpi selezionati erano inizialmente 20, ma due sono stati esclusi dal processo di caratterizzazione in quanto possedevano un’affinità molto bassa per CNA (151-318). Analisi preliminari hanno evidenziato che 10 anticorpi erano solamente in grado di legare CNA (151-318), 7 erano in grado di legare CNA (151-138) e CNA (31-344) e 1 anticorpo era in grado di legare CNA (15-318), CNA (31-344) e un’altra adesina espressa da Enterococcus faecium correlata dal punto di vista funzionale e strutturale a CNA. Dopo l’iniziale caratterizzazione biochimica e biofisica, l’attività degli anticorpi è stata investigata e sono state rivelate l’attività inibente e spiazzante di un anticorpo nei confronti dell’interazione CNA-collagene e la capacità di un altro di potenziare il legame con il collagene. I saggi di attività sono stati condotti anche su batteri in grado di esprimere le adesine al fine di confermare i risultati ottenuti. Infine, per meglio definire le proprietà di questi anticorpi monoclonali, la natura dell’epitopo, che era stata precedentemente investigata tramite saggi ELISA ed analisi SPR, è stata ulteriormente investigata tramite un approccio di epitope mapping in silico al fine di confermare i risultati precedentemente ottenuti.
Valutazione dell'attività in vitro di anticorpi monoclonali umani in grado di riconoscere CNA, la proteina stafilococcica legante il collagene
GROMENEDA, FRANCESCO
2020/2021
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a widespread pathogen that poses a serious threat to public health. This pathogen can cause a wide variety of diseases, ranging from moderately severe skin infections to fatal pneumonia and sepsis. This pathogen can also exhibit several antibiotic resistances, making it a hard-to-defeat pathogen. The most common resistances found are resistance to methicillin, vancomycin and beta-lactam antibiotics. Unfortunately, resistance to daptomycin, linezolid and other last resort antibodies have also been recorded. The spreading of these resistance mechanisms inevitably causes an acute increase in the severity of the infection and in the death toll, requiring the urgent adoption of new therapeutic approaches. This work investigates the possibility of using monoclonal antibodies as a viable therapeutic strategy to treat S. aureus infections, especially in patients that do not respond to the traditional antibiotic-based therapeutic approach. The infection starts with the adherence of bacteria to host tissues through specific proteins, called Microbial Surface Components Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules (MSCRAMMs), that bind to components of the host extracellular matrix. The major representative of the MSCRAMM family is the collagen-binding protein CNA. In the wake of previous findings, anti-CNA single-chain variable fragment antibodies-crystallizable fragment (scFv-Fc) were tested on in-vitro infection models. The disruption or the prevention of the CNA-collagen interaction would be a pivotal achievement in the effort of preventing the onset of the infection and eradicating S. aureus from a host. The scFv-Fcs were selected, through phage display, against the staphylococcal collagen adhesin CNA (151-318), the fragment that has the minimum collagen-binding activity, since it has been shown to be a relevant virulence factor in many different animal models of arthritis, keratitis, endocarditis, mastitis and osteomyelitis. The antibodies selected were 20 but two antibodies have been excluded from the characterization since they showed very low affinity for CNA (151-318). Preliminary studies demonstrated that 10 antibodies were only CNA (151-318) binders, 7 bound CNA (151-318) and CNA (31-344) and 1 antibody could bind CNA (151-318), CNA (31-344) and another structurally and functionally related adhesin expressed by Enterococcus faecium (ACM). After the biochemical and biophysical characterization, we investigated the activity of the antibodies and we discovered one antibody displaying both inhibiting and displacing activity on CNA-collagen binding and another that could enhance the binding to collagen. The activity assay was then performed on bacteria that could express the protein to confirm the findings. Lastly, to better define the properties of these monoclonal antibodies, the nature of the epitope, which was previously investigated by ELISA and SPR analysis in order to map the epitopes, was further investigated via in-silico epitope mapping to confirm previous findings. This experimental thesis was carried out in the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia under the supervision of Prof. L. Visai and Dr. E. Restivo and thanks to the collaborations of Prof. M. Hust of the Department of Biotechnology at Technische Universität Braunschweig, (Braunschweig, Germany) and Prof. L. Varani at the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (Bellinzona, Switzerland).È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/14092