This text has been written with the aim of presenting the most recent discoveries that have distinguished the last years of research on Parkinson's disease, starting from the main characteristics of the disease to get to the current treatments used in the clinical setting. After a brief summary of the history of the pathology, already mentioned in very ancient texts such as the Old Testament, the main factors that are involved in pathogenesis and etiology will be discussed, including alpha synuclein and its aggregates (Lewy Bodies and Neurites), oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and genetic mutations. In addition, certain factors that increase or reduce the risk of developing the disease, such as environmental neurotoxins and behavioral habits, were also taken into account. Before discussing the therapeutic innovations, the current pharmacological and neurosurgical therapies will be described, listing their strengths and weaknesses. Starting from the gold standard for Parkinson's disease, levodopa, other drugs that have been introduced over time will be analyzed to further improve, from a pharmacokinetic-dynamic point of view, the therapy. Subsequently, the main neurosurgical method that is nowadays applied to Parkinson's patients will also be presented, with any improvements that are being made during the research: Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS). Finally, the focus will be shifted to innovative treatments worthy of note in the field of research: drugs that affect alpha synuclein, immunotherapies and stem cells, concluding the treatment with the most recent research concerning the relationship between disease and the intestinal microbiota.
Questo testo è stato scritto con lo scopo di presentare le più recenti scoperte che hanno contraddistinto gli ultimi anni di ricerche sulla malattia di Parkinson, partendo dalle principali caratteristiche della malattia per arrivare agli attuali trattamenti usati in ambito clinico. Dopo un breve riepilogo della storia della patologia, citata già in testi molto antichi come l’Antico Testamento, verranno discussi i principali fattori che sono coinvolti nella patogenesi e nell’eziologia, tra cui l’alfa sinucleina e i suoi aggregati (Corpi e Neuriti di Lewy), lo stress ossidativo, la disfunzione mitocondriale e le mutazioni genetiche. Inoltre, sono stati anche presi in considerazione alcuni fattori che aumentano o riducono il rischio di sviluppo della malattia, come neurotossine ambientali e abitudini comportamentali. Prima di discutere delle innovazioni terapeutiche, verranno descritte le attuali terapie di tipo farmacologico e quelle di tipo neurochirurgico, elencandone pregi e difetti. Partendo dal gold standard per la malattia di Parkinson, la levodopa, verranno analizzati altri farmaci che nel tempo sono stati introdotti per migliorare ulteriormente, da un punto di vista farmacocinetico-dinamico, la terapia. Successivamente, sarà presentato anche il principale metodo neurochirurgico che al giorno d’oggi viene applicato ai malati di Parkinson, con le eventuali migliorie che si stanno apportando nel corso della ricerca: la Stimolazione Cerebrale Profonda (DBS). Infine, verrà spostata l’attenzione sui trattamenti innovativi degni di nota nell’ambito della ricerca: farmaci che colpiscono l’alfa sinucleina, le immunoterapie e le cellule staminali, concludendo la trattazione con le più recenti ricerche riguardanti il rapporto tra malattia e il microbiota intestinale.
Malattia di Parkinson: caratteristiche ed evoluzione dei trattamenti
DELL'ACQUA, SILVIA
2021/2022
Abstract
This text has been written with the aim of presenting the most recent discoveries that have distinguished the last years of research on Parkinson's disease, starting from the main characteristics of the disease to get to the current treatments used in the clinical setting. After a brief summary of the history of the pathology, already mentioned in very ancient texts such as the Old Testament, the main factors that are involved in pathogenesis and etiology will be discussed, including alpha synuclein and its aggregates (Lewy Bodies and Neurites), oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and genetic mutations. In addition, certain factors that increase or reduce the risk of developing the disease, such as environmental neurotoxins and behavioral habits, were also taken into account. Before discussing the therapeutic innovations, the current pharmacological and neurosurgical therapies will be described, listing their strengths and weaknesses. Starting from the gold standard for Parkinson's disease, levodopa, other drugs that have been introduced over time will be analyzed to further improve, from a pharmacokinetic-dynamic point of view, the therapy. Subsequently, the main neurosurgical method that is nowadays applied to Parkinson's patients will also be presented, with any improvements that are being made during the research: Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS). Finally, the focus will be shifted to innovative treatments worthy of note in the field of research: drugs that affect alpha synuclein, immunotherapies and stem cells, concluding the treatment with the most recent research concerning the relationship between disease and the intestinal microbiota.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/14108