Sciaimaa Farah ABSTRACT TESI : I RECETTORI TAS2 COME POSSIBILE STRATEGIA TERAPEUTICA NELL’ASMA. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease, it can be classified according to different phenotypes: an extrinsic one (allergic asthma) aggravated by known allergens and an intrinsic one. There is an additional classification which includes: neutrophilic asthma. The world population affected by this disease amounts to around 300 million and asthma therapy involves the use of a personalized approach (eg drugs: high-dose inhaled steroids and oral corticosteroids). Lately, the use of bitter taste receptors in asthma therapy is being taking into consideration. Taste represents one of the fundamental senses of the individual and is used for the chemical analysis of the composition of food. In particular, ion channels bind salty and sour, while G proteins bind sweet, bitter and umami. Molecular taste receptors work through second messenger systems to activate neuronal signaling. The TAS2Rs cause bronchodilation in the bronchial level of the human airways smooth muscle , and consequently lead to the development of drugs that can be used in therapy of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Innovative asthma therapy is represented by bronchodilators and agonists of 2-adrenergic receptors, but it seems that they can induce complications including tachyphylaxis (decrease in drug sensitivity). However, although β 2 receptor agonists cause relaxation for a short time, they work limitly. Therefore, we are trying to develop new therapies, in such a way as to act on both the inflammatory and obstructive components of the disease. The targeting model of greatest interest is mediated by the G protein target. There is a notable increase in Gq-coupled receptors, but also Gs-receptors as they exert their action on smooth muscle. However, Gi-coupled receptors have an indirect action on smooth muscle. The increased effects of the Gs-receptors could attenuate the procontractile effects of the Gq-receptors. In order to enhance in vitro studies, it is almost necessary to understand how the asthmatic phenotype contributes to TAS2Rs since the mechanisms and functions for this polymorphism are not yet evident. Over the past 5 years, computer models have been put in place to predict the bitterness and toxicity of chemicals. The BitterDB database shows more than 600 bitter substances that humans can perceive. Furthermore, it has been noted that the TAS2R agonists injected into mice and also into animals that respond to allergens stimulate bronchodilation, so they are introduced as innovative targets in the treatment of obstructive diseases such as: asthma and lung diseases. TAS2Rs have recently been found to dilate smooth muscle in humans and this suggests that it can be used as an adjuvant therapy.
Sciaimaa Farah ABSTRACT TESI: I RECETTORI TAS2 COME POSSIBILE TERAPIA STRATEGICA NELL’ASMA L'asma è una patologia infiammatoria cronica, può essere classificata in base a fenotipi diversi: una estrinseca (asma allergica) aggravata da allergeni noti e un’asma intrinseca. Si ha un’ulteriore classificazione che comprende: un’asma neutrofila. La popolazione mondiale affetta da questa patologia ammonta intorno a 300 milioni e comporta l’impiego di un approccio personalizzato (ad es. farmaci: steroidi per via inalatoria ad elevati dosaggi e corticosteroidi per via orale). Ultimamente si sta valutando l’utilizzo dei recettori del gusto amaro nella terapia dell’asma. Il gusto delinea uno dei sensi fondamentali dell’individuo ed è sfruttato per l'analisi chimica della composizione degli alimenti. In particolar modo i canali ionici legano il salato e l’acido, mentre le proteine G legano il dolce, l’amaro e l’umami. I recettori molecolari del gusto operano mediante sistemi di secondi messaggeri per attivare la segnalazione neuronale. I TAS2R provocano broncodilatazione a livello bronchiale della muscolatura liscia delle vie aeree umane, e di conseguenza portano allo sviluppo di classi di farmaci utilizzabili nella terapia asmatica o della broncopneumopatia ostruttiva cronica. L’innovativa terapia dell’asma è rappresentata dai broncodilatatori, agonisti dei recettori 2-adrenergici, però sembra che possano indurre delle complicanze tra cui tachifilassi (diminuzione della sensibilità dei farmaci). Tuttavia, sebbene gli agonisti β 2 dei recettori provochino rilasciamento per un breve periodo, rimangono limitate le azioni che possono svolgere. Dunque, si cerca di sviluppare nuove terapie, in tal modo da agire sia sulla componente infiammatoria che ostruttiva della malattia. Il modello di targeting di maggior interesse è mediato dal target delle proteine G. Vi è notevole aumento dei recettori accoppiati a Gq, ma anche Recettori-Gs poiché esplicano la loro azione sulla muscolatura liscia. Tuttavia, recettori accoppiati a Gi hanno un'azione indiretta sulla muscolatura liscia. Gli aumentati effetti svolti dai recettori-Gs potrebbero attenuare gli effetti procontrattili dei Recettore-Gq. Al fine di potenziare gli studi in vitro, è pressoché necessario capire come il fenotipo asmatico contribuisca nei TAS2R poiché non sono ancora evidenti i meccanismi e le funzioni per questo polimorfismo. Negli ultimi 5 anni sono stati messi in atto dei modelli di computerizzazione a fine di prevedere l'amarezza e la tossicità delle sostanze chimiche. Il database BitterDB mostra più di 600 sostanze amare che l’uomo può percepire. Inoltre, si è notato che gli agonisti TAS2R iniettati nel topo e anche in animali che rispondono agli allergeni stimolano una broncodilatazione, per cui sono introdotti come bersagli innovativi nel trattamento delle patologie ostruttive come ad esempio: l’asma e nelle patologie polmonari. Ultimamente si è scoperto che il TAS2R dilata la muscolatura liscia nell’uomo e ciò suggerisce che può essere usato come una terapia adiuvante.
I TAS2R come possibile strategia terapeutica nell'asma
FARAH, SCIAIMAA
2021/2022
Abstract
Sciaimaa Farah ABSTRACT TESI : I RECETTORI TAS2 COME POSSIBILE STRATEGIA TERAPEUTICA NELL’ASMA. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease, it can be classified according to different phenotypes: an extrinsic one (allergic asthma) aggravated by known allergens and an intrinsic one. There is an additional classification which includes: neutrophilic asthma. The world population affected by this disease amounts to around 300 million and asthma therapy involves the use of a personalized approach (eg drugs: high-dose inhaled steroids and oral corticosteroids). Lately, the use of bitter taste receptors in asthma therapy is being taking into consideration. Taste represents one of the fundamental senses of the individual and is used for the chemical analysis of the composition of food. In particular, ion channels bind salty and sour, while G proteins bind sweet, bitter and umami. Molecular taste receptors work through second messenger systems to activate neuronal signaling. The TAS2Rs cause bronchodilation in the bronchial level of the human airways smooth muscle , and consequently lead to the development of drugs that can be used in therapy of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Innovative asthma therapy is represented by bronchodilators and agonists of 2-adrenergic receptors, but it seems that they can induce complications including tachyphylaxis (decrease in drug sensitivity). However, although β 2 receptor agonists cause relaxation for a short time, they work limitly. Therefore, we are trying to develop new therapies, in such a way as to act on both the inflammatory and obstructive components of the disease. The targeting model of greatest interest is mediated by the G protein target. There is a notable increase in Gq-coupled receptors, but also Gs-receptors as they exert their action on smooth muscle. However, Gi-coupled receptors have an indirect action on smooth muscle. The increased effects of the Gs-receptors could attenuate the procontractile effects of the Gq-receptors. In order to enhance in vitro studies, it is almost necessary to understand how the asthmatic phenotype contributes to TAS2Rs since the mechanisms and functions for this polymorphism are not yet evident. Over the past 5 years, computer models have been put in place to predict the bitterness and toxicity of chemicals. The BitterDB database shows more than 600 bitter substances that humans can perceive. Furthermore, it has been noted that the TAS2R agonists injected into mice and also into animals that respond to allergens stimulate bronchodilation, so they are introduced as innovative targets in the treatment of obstructive diseases such as: asthma and lung diseases. TAS2Rs have recently been found to dilate smooth muscle in humans and this suggests that it can be used as an adjuvant therapy.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/14205