The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate - both from a theoretical point of view and through an empirical approach - how it is possible to act through the use of technology in order to improve the living conditions of long-term patients and/or patients suffering from chronic pathologies; as well as strengthening the empathic sphere in relational processes through its use. In recent months, the health sector has been among those most involved and disrupted for some fundamental assumptions. The Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted and accentuated the limits and gaps from which the Health System, as structured today, suffers. The latter needs an urgent resolution in order to allow access to the minimum essential care for each individual to ensure a dignified existence in line with the progress in the scientific, medical, and clinical fields that have developed in recent decades; as well as concerning the economic sustainability of the Health System itself - an element that cannot be neglected and that indeed represents the basis itself, to whose consolidation the achievement of the first objective is subordinated. During the first chapter, a general overview of the international health situation will be presented as well, as an economic framework of the National Health System will be given in order to provide the reader with the essential tools useful for better understanding the issues that will be presented in the course of the paper. The second chapter will instead focus on digital healthcare issues and provide a general presentation of the pillars on which Value-Based Healthcare is based. Two real case studies will also be analyzed, in this case relating to two particular scenarios - the first as the protagonist of the Swedish health system, the second that of New Zealand - in which the digitization of health processes has made it possible to improve the quality of life of the population, improving at the same time the efficiency of the health system itself. Finally, a critique will be proposed regarding the lack of digitization of our National Health System - with the problems associated with it, both of an economic nature and concerning the organizational aspect - as well as the possible corrective actions made possible by the National Recovery and Resilience Plan. The considerations reported in the third chapter will be related to the necessary investments in technological infrastructures to allow adequate digitization. The fourth chapter will be based on the definition of digitalization and digitization, two concepts whose understanding is fundamental to implement a digital transformation that is not limited to the digitalization of information processes alone but embraces its ideals, vision, and operating methods. The fifth chapter aims to enclose the principles presented in the previous chapters, integrating them with an in-depth analysis of the concepts of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning. The Dimasdia case study will also be presented to the reader, a cloud-native platform that integrates an Artificial Intelligence model based on neural networks and can identify cardiac akinesias and normokinesias. Finally, the sixth chapter aims to provide an overview of complementary technologies which, together with those presented in the course of the paper, can help organizations develop and provide digital health services with an above-average quality level. These considerations will also be helpful for the reader to understand better the evolutionary scenarios that will affect the digital healthcare sector both in the near future and in a broader time horizon.
Negli ultimi mesi il settore sanitario è stato tra quelli più coinvolti e messi in discussione per alcuni assunti fondamentali. La pandemia da Covid-19 ha evidenziato ed accentuato i limiti e le lacune di cui il Sistema Sanitario (Italiano e non), così come strutturato oggi, soffre. Queste ultime necessitano di un’urgente risoluzione al fine di permettere l’accesso alle cure minime indispensabili ad ogni individuo così da garantire un’esistenza dignitosa ed in linea con quelli che sono i progressi in ambito scientifico, medico e clinico sviluppatisi negli ultimi decenni; nonché relativamente alla sostenibilità economica del Sistema Sanitario stesso – elemento che non può essere trascurato e che anzi rappresenta la base stessa, al cui consolidamento è subordinato il raggiungimento del primo obiettivo. Nel corso del primo capitolo verrà presentata una panoramica generale della situazione sanitaria internazionale nonché verrà fornito un inquadramento economico del Sistema Sanitario Nazionale, al fine di fornire al lettore gli strumenti di base utili a meglio comprendere le tematiche che verranno presentate nel corso dell’elaborato. Il secondo capitolo sarà invece incentrato sulle tematiche relative al digital healthcare e fornirà una presentazione generale dei pilastri sui quali si basa il Value-Based Healthcare. Verranno inoltre analizzati due casi di studio reali, nella fattispecie inerenti a due particolari scenari – il primo come protagonista il sistema sanitario svedese, il secondo quello neozelandese – in cui la digitalizzazione dei processi sanitari ha permesso di migliorare la qualità della vita della popolazione, migliorando al contempo l’efficienza del sistema sanitario stesso. Verrà infine proposta una critica in merito alla mancata digitalizzazione del nostro Sistema Sanitario Nazionale – con le problematiche ad esso associate, sia di carattere economico, sia riguardanti l’aspetto organizzativo – nonché i possibili interventi correttivi resi possibili dal Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza. Le considerazioni riportate nel corso del terzo capitolo saranno inerenti ai necessari investimenti in infrastrutture tecnologiche, necessarie al fine di permettere un’adeguata digitalizzazione. Il quarto capitolo, avrà come base portante la definizione di digitalization e digitization, due concetti la cui comprensione risulta fondamentale al fine di attuare una trasformazione digitale che non sia limitata alla sola digitalizzazione dei processi informativi, ma che ne abbracci gli ideali, la visione e le modalità operative. Il quinto capitolo, ha l’obiettivo di racchiudere i principi presentati nei capitoli precedenti, integrandoli con una analisi approfondita dei concetti di Intelligenza Artificiale, Machine Learning e Deep Learning. Sarà inoltre presentato al lettore il caso di studio Dimasdia, una piattaforma cloud native che integra al proprio interno un modello di Intelligenza Artificiale basato su reti neurali e atto all’identificazione di acinesie e normocinesie cardiache. Infine, il sesto capitolo si propone di fornire una panoramica in merito alle tecnologie complementari che, assieme a quelle presentate nel corso dell’elaborato possono aiutare le organizzazioni a sviluppare e fornire servizi sanitari digitali con un livello qualitativo superiore alla media. Tali considerazioni risulteranno inoltre utili al lettore per meglio comprendere quelli che saranno gli scenari evolutivi che vedranno interessato il settore del digital healthcare sia in un futuro prossimo, sia in un orizzonte temporale più ampio.
Il Ruolo delle Piattaforme Digitali e dell’Intelligenza Artificiale nell’Adozione dei Principi del Value-Based Healthcare
CORTI, FEDERICO
2020/2021
Abstract
The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate - both from a theoretical point of view and through an empirical approach - how it is possible to act through the use of technology in order to improve the living conditions of long-term patients and/or patients suffering from chronic pathologies; as well as strengthening the empathic sphere in relational processes through its use. In recent months, the health sector has been among those most involved and disrupted for some fundamental assumptions. The Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted and accentuated the limits and gaps from which the Health System, as structured today, suffers. The latter needs an urgent resolution in order to allow access to the minimum essential care for each individual to ensure a dignified existence in line with the progress in the scientific, medical, and clinical fields that have developed in recent decades; as well as concerning the economic sustainability of the Health System itself - an element that cannot be neglected and that indeed represents the basis itself, to whose consolidation the achievement of the first objective is subordinated. During the first chapter, a general overview of the international health situation will be presented as well, as an economic framework of the National Health System will be given in order to provide the reader with the essential tools useful for better understanding the issues that will be presented in the course of the paper. The second chapter will instead focus on digital healthcare issues and provide a general presentation of the pillars on which Value-Based Healthcare is based. Two real case studies will also be analyzed, in this case relating to two particular scenarios - the first as the protagonist of the Swedish health system, the second that of New Zealand - in which the digitization of health processes has made it possible to improve the quality of life of the population, improving at the same time the efficiency of the health system itself. Finally, a critique will be proposed regarding the lack of digitization of our National Health System - with the problems associated with it, both of an economic nature and concerning the organizational aspect - as well as the possible corrective actions made possible by the National Recovery and Resilience Plan. The considerations reported in the third chapter will be related to the necessary investments in technological infrastructures to allow adequate digitization. The fourth chapter will be based on the definition of digitalization and digitization, two concepts whose understanding is fundamental to implement a digital transformation that is not limited to the digitalization of information processes alone but embraces its ideals, vision, and operating methods. The fifth chapter aims to enclose the principles presented in the previous chapters, integrating them with an in-depth analysis of the concepts of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning. The Dimasdia case study will also be presented to the reader, a cloud-native platform that integrates an Artificial Intelligence model based on neural networks and can identify cardiac akinesias and normokinesias. Finally, the sixth chapter aims to provide an overview of complementary technologies which, together with those presented in the course of the paper, can help organizations develop and provide digital health services with an above-average quality level. These considerations will also be helpful for the reader to understand better the evolutionary scenarios that will affect the digital healthcare sector both in the near future and in a broader time horizon.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/1443