In the last few years, global issues such as climate change, depletion of natural resources, and massive environmental pollution are motivating a paradigm shift to thinking and acting within a circular “zero waste” concept economy. In recent years, industrial research focused on the bio-based economy where waste biomass, particularly agricultural residues and food supply chain wastes, are ideally sustainably converted to high-added value products often by enzymatic catalysis. These products can subsequently find application as food and feed supplements, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Olive tree (Olea europaea) leaves are a waste side-product of the olive oil industry, an inexpensive biomass, and an abundant source of molecules of interest, especially biophenols. Among them Oleuropein is the major bioactive compound found in all parts of olive tree, especially in leaves. Many studies have highlighted several health promoting properties (e.g. antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor and neuroprotective) of Oleuropein and its hydrolysis derivates: Hydroxytyrosol and Elenolic acid. This has led to an increase in research and to a growing market interest. The main objective of this study was to obtain Oleuropein derivates such as Elenolic acid and Hydroxytyrosol using an eco-friendly process. For this purpose, two main strategies were deployed. In the first part of this research, a water extract was obtained from harvested leaves. In the second one, an Olive Leaf Extract enriched in Oleuropein was considered as starting material for further processes. Then, Oleuropein, derived from these two sources, was hydrolysed using different enzymes both commercial and non-commercial in order to obtain the active compounds. The starting material and the hydrolysed samples were characterized through reversed phase HPLC, leading to the identification of the compounds of interest. Hydrolysates were then tested for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial and antimycotic activity. Tests showed antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimycotic activity but it was not possible to clearly establish a significant antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity. In conclusion, this work laid the groundwork for two complementary processes: extraction of Oleuropein from olive leaves and its enzymatic tailoring in other bioactive compounds. These, once optimized, could allow to transform a waste side-product of the food supply chain to a high-added value product with potential application in food and feed supplement or cosmetics.
Negli ultimi anni, questioni globali come il cambiamento climatico, l'esaurimento delle risorse naturali e il massiccio inquinamento ambientale, stanno motivando un cambiamento radicale nel modo di pensare e di agire secondo i principi di un'economia circolare "zero waste". Negli ultimi anni, la ricerca industriale si è concentrata sulla bioeconomia, settore dell’economia in cui le biomasse di scarto, in particolare i residui agricoli e i rifiuti della filiera agroalimentare, sono convertiti idealmente in modo sostenibile in prodotti ad alto valore aggiunto, spesso mediante catalisi enzimatica. Questi prodotti possono successivamente trovare applicazione come integratori alimentari e mangimi, cosmetici e prodotti farmaceutici. Le foglie dell'ulivo (Olea europaea) sono un prodotto di scarto dell'industria dell'olio d'oliva, una biomassa poco costosa e un'abbondante fonte di molecole di interesse, specialmente biofenoli. Tra questi, l'Oleuropeina è il principale composto bioattivo ed è presente in tutte le parti dell'olivo, soprattutto nelle foglie. Molti studi hanno evidenziato diverse proprietà benefiche dell'Oleuropeina e dei suoi derivati idrolitici Idrossitirosolo e Acido elenolico (ad esempio antivirali, antimicrobiche, antiossidanti, antitumorali e neuroprotettive) Questo ha portato ad un incremento della ricerca e ad un crescente interesse del mercato. L'obiettivo principale di questo studio è stato quello di ottenere derivati dell'Oleuropeina come l'Acido elenolico e l'Idrossitirosolo utilizzando un processo eco-friendly. A questo scopo, sono state messe in atto due strategie principali. Nella prima parte di questa ricerca, è stato ottenuto un estratto acquoso dalle foglie raccolte. Nella seconda, un estratto di foglie di ulivo commerciale arricchito in Oleuropeina è stato utilizzato come materiale di partenza per ulteriori processi. Successivamente, l'Oleuropeina derivata da queste due fonti, è stata idrolizzata usando diversi enzimi, commerciali e non, per ottenere i composti attivi. Il materiale di partenza e i campioni idrolizzati sono stati caratterizzati tramite HPLC a fase inversa, portando all'identificazione dei composti di interesse. Gli idrolizzati sono stati poi testati per l'attività antiossidante, antinfiammatoria, antivirale, antimicrobica e antimicotica. I test eseguiti hanno mostrato attività antiossidante, antimicrobica e antimicotica, ma non è stato possibile stabilire chiaramente una significativa attività antivirale e antinfiammatoria. In conclusione, questo lavoro ha posto le basi per due processi complementari: l'estrazione dell'Oleuropeina dalle foglie di ulivo e la sua trasformazione enzimatica in altri composti bioattivi. Questi, una volta ottimizzati, potrebbero permettere di trasformare un prodotto di scarto della filiera agroalimentare in un prodotto ad alto valore aggiunto con potenziale applicazione in integratori alimentari, mangimi o cosmetici.
Valorizzazione di biomassa di scarto della filiera agroalimentare mediante produzione di idrolizzati bioattivi con processi biocatalitici in accordo con i principi dell’economia circolare
GRONDONA, CAROLA
2020/2021
Abstract
In the last few years, global issues such as climate change, depletion of natural resources, and massive environmental pollution are motivating a paradigm shift to thinking and acting within a circular “zero waste” concept economy. In recent years, industrial research focused on the bio-based economy where waste biomass, particularly agricultural residues and food supply chain wastes, are ideally sustainably converted to high-added value products often by enzymatic catalysis. These products can subsequently find application as food and feed supplements, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Olive tree (Olea europaea) leaves are a waste side-product of the olive oil industry, an inexpensive biomass, and an abundant source of molecules of interest, especially biophenols. Among them Oleuropein is the major bioactive compound found in all parts of olive tree, especially in leaves. Many studies have highlighted several health promoting properties (e.g. antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor and neuroprotective) of Oleuropein and its hydrolysis derivates: Hydroxytyrosol and Elenolic acid. This has led to an increase in research and to a growing market interest. The main objective of this study was to obtain Oleuropein derivates such as Elenolic acid and Hydroxytyrosol using an eco-friendly process. For this purpose, two main strategies were deployed. In the first part of this research, a water extract was obtained from harvested leaves. In the second one, an Olive Leaf Extract enriched in Oleuropein was considered as starting material for further processes. Then, Oleuropein, derived from these two sources, was hydrolysed using different enzymes both commercial and non-commercial in order to obtain the active compounds. The starting material and the hydrolysed samples were characterized through reversed phase HPLC, leading to the identification of the compounds of interest. Hydrolysates were then tested for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial and antimycotic activity. Tests showed antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimycotic activity but it was not possible to clearly establish a significant antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity. In conclusion, this work laid the groundwork for two complementary processes: extraction of Oleuropein from olive leaves and its enzymatic tailoring in other bioactive compounds. These, once optimized, could allow to transform a waste side-product of the food supply chain to a high-added value product with potential application in food and feed supplement or cosmetics.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
Per maggiori informazioni e per verifiche sull'eventuale disponibilità del file scrivere a: unitesi@unipv.it.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/14488