From the anatomopathological point of view, pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by the proliferation and differentiation of fibroblasts and by extracellular matrix deposition. After the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, an increasing number of COVID-19 patients showed persistent pulmonary fibrotic sequelae and some patients developed and actual pulmonary fibrosis. However, the causes and the physiopathogenetic mechanisms of this fibrosis are little investigated in international literature. The aim of this study was to characterize lung mesenchymal cells (LMCs) isolated from broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) performed in 10 patients with post-COVID-19 fibrosis (COVID-19-f). We compared them with the cells isolated from BAL of 8 patients with connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD). Several parameters were investigated: BAL fluid (BALf) levels of several cytokines were assessed by ELISA; surface markers of LMCs were characterized by flow cytometry and vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen levels were assessed with western blot; osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation ability of LMCs was tested. Western Blot and mRNA expression were used to show their collagen 1 production after the stimulation with TGFβ. The levels of cytokines contained in BAL fluid were comparable among the two groups, with the exception of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), significantly increased in CTD-ILD patients. Efficiency of LMCs isolation from BAL was 100% in COVID-19-f cohort, compared to 65% in CTD-ILD. LMCs antigen surface expression of CD105, CD73, CD90 was > 90%, whereas CD45, CD34, CD19 and HLA-DR was < 5%. The two groups were comparable, and the markers were the same found in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). None of LMCs samples differentiated in adipocytes, but COVID-19-f LMCs showed greater osteogenic differentiation ability than CTD-ILD LMCs at day 17, while there was no difference between the two groups at day 7. LMCs from post COVID-19 patients showed a higher Collagen 1 production with TGFβ stimulation compared to the other group. Although our data are preliminary, they seem to suggest that LMCs from COVID-19-f share several features with LMCs from CTD-ILD, but they might have a higher response to fibrogenic and proliferative signals and a proinflammatory role.
Dal punto di vista anatomopatologico le fibrosi polmonari sono caratterizzate dalla proliferazione e dalla differenziazione dei fibroblasti e dall’apposizione di matrice extracellulare amorfa. In seguito alla pandemia da SARS-CoV-2 è stata osservata in numerosi pazienti la persistenza di esiti fibrotici ed in alcuni di questi pazienti lo sviluppo di una vera e propria fibrosi polmonare. Le cause e soprattutto i meccanismi fisiopatogenetici di questa fibrosi sono tuttavia ancora poco indagati nella letteratura internazionale. Lo scopo di questo studio è la caratterizzazione delle cellule polmonari mesenchimali (LMCs) isolate tramite lavaggio bronco alveolare (BAL) in 10 pazienti con esiti fibrotici secondari a polmonite da COVID-19 (COVID-19-f). Queste sono state confrontate con LMCs isolate dal BAL di 8 pazienti con interstiziopatia polmonare secondaria a patologia del tessuto connettivo (CTD-ILD). Sono stati raccolti i seguenti dati: i livelli di citochine nel fluido del BAL (BALf) sono stati valutati tramite test ELISA; sono stati caratterizzati i marcatori di superficie delle LMCs tramite citometria a flusso e valutati i livelli delle proteine vimentina, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) e collagene tramite western blot; è stata testata la capacità di differenziazione in senso osteogenico e adipogenico delle LMCs; la produzione di collagene 1 dopo stimolazione con TGFβ è stata testata con western blot e tramite l'espressione dell'mRNA. I livelli di citochine nel BALf sono risultati comparabili nei due gruppi, ad eccezione dei livelli di Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), risultati significativamente più alti nei pazienti con CTD-ILD. L’efficienza dell’isolamento da BAL delle LMCs è stata del 100% nella coorte COVID-19-f, rispetto al 65% in quella CTD-ILD. L’espressione degli antigeni di superficie CD105, CD73, CD90 in queste cellule era maggiore del 90%, mentre quella di CD45, CD34, CD19 e HLA-DR minore del 5%. I due gruppi erano in questo caso comparabili e i marcatori corrispondono a quelli trovati nelle Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs). Nessuno dei campioni si è differenziato in adipociti, tuttavia le LMCs COVID-19-f hanno mostrato una differenziazione osteogenica maggiore al giorno 17 rispetto alle LMCs CTD-ILD, mentre al giorno 7 non è stata trovata nessuna differenza significativa tra i due gruppi. La produzione di Collagene 1 con stimolazione di TGFβ è stata maggiore nel gruppo post COVID-19 rispetto all’altro gruppo di cellule. I risultati del nostro studio, per quanto preliminari, sembrano suggerire che le LMCs isolate nei pazienti con fibrosi post-COVID-19 condividano la maggior parte delle caratteristiche con le LMCs derivate da CTD-ILD, ma che tuttavia abbiano una risposta maggiore a stimoli profibrotici e proliferativi, e che abbiano un ruolo pro-infiammatorio all’interno dell’omeostasi polmonare.
CHARACTERIZATION OF MESENCHYMAL CELLS FROM BAL OF POST COVID-19 PATIENTS WITH FIBROSIS
FLORIS, ELENA
2021/2022
Abstract
From the anatomopathological point of view, pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by the proliferation and differentiation of fibroblasts and by extracellular matrix deposition. After the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, an increasing number of COVID-19 patients showed persistent pulmonary fibrotic sequelae and some patients developed and actual pulmonary fibrosis. However, the causes and the physiopathogenetic mechanisms of this fibrosis are little investigated in international literature. The aim of this study was to characterize lung mesenchymal cells (LMCs) isolated from broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) performed in 10 patients with post-COVID-19 fibrosis (COVID-19-f). We compared them with the cells isolated from BAL of 8 patients with connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD). Several parameters were investigated: BAL fluid (BALf) levels of several cytokines were assessed by ELISA; surface markers of LMCs were characterized by flow cytometry and vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen levels were assessed with western blot; osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation ability of LMCs was tested. Western Blot and mRNA expression were used to show their collagen 1 production after the stimulation with TGFβ. The levels of cytokines contained in BAL fluid were comparable among the two groups, with the exception of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), significantly increased in CTD-ILD patients. Efficiency of LMCs isolation from BAL was 100% in COVID-19-f cohort, compared to 65% in CTD-ILD. LMCs antigen surface expression of CD105, CD73, CD90 was > 90%, whereas CD45, CD34, CD19 and HLA-DR was < 5%. The two groups were comparable, and the markers were the same found in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). None of LMCs samples differentiated in adipocytes, but COVID-19-f LMCs showed greater osteogenic differentiation ability than CTD-ILD LMCs at day 17, while there was no difference between the two groups at day 7. LMCs from post COVID-19 patients showed a higher Collagen 1 production with TGFβ stimulation compared to the other group. Although our data are preliminary, they seem to suggest that LMCs from COVID-19-f share several features with LMCs from CTD-ILD, but they might have a higher response to fibrogenic and proliferative signals and a proinflammatory role.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/14516