Introduction: Gastric cancer (GC) is a type of cancer emerging in the stomach and it is the 5th most frequent cancer, and the 4th most lethal cancer type worldwide. It is considered a multifactorial disease, since it can arise from environmental factors, like chronic infection from H. pylori, age, diet and smoking, as well as genetic factors, like familial predisposition, sporadic epigenetic silencing of MLH1, and germline mutations in the CDH1 gene encoding E-cadherin. GC is often diagnosed at a late stage via upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, usually at an advanced stage, where it cannot be mitigated. Treatment includes surgery in combination with chemotherapy, immunotherapy or radiation therapy, but most of the times drug resistance can be acquired and lead to GC tumors that are chemotherapy-resistant. Consequently, new biomarkers and druggable targets are needed to assist in GC diagnosis and treatment. TRIB2 is a member of the Tribbles gene family, which are serine/threonine pseudokinase proteins that act as scaffolds that mediate the degradation of many target proteins. These proteins take part in a plethora of signaling pathways in the cell, like cell proliferation, division and migration, as well as in stem cell fate decisions. In cancer, TRIB2 can behave as an oncogene or as a tumor-suppressor gene, depending on the cellular context, and promotes drug resistance in various cancer types. Currently, very little information exists in the literature about the possible association of TRIB2 with GC. Therefore, we tried to elucidate any possible roles of TRIB2 in GC onset. Materials and Methods: Building on previous in silico preliminary data obtained in the laboratory, the effect of TRIB2 was assessed in two GC cell lines with a chromosomal instability (CIN) phenotype, MKN45 and NCI-N87. TRIB2 overexpression (OE) was achieved via a lentivirus-mediated overexpression. The evaluation of the effects of TRIB2 OE on several oncogenic features was conducted using functional assays, such as cell proliferation, migration and colony formation. We also explored the activation of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway, located downstream of TRIB2, and any possible relationship between TRIB2 and drug response by treating the cell lines with or without TRIB2 OE with commonly used chemotherapeutic agents, 5-Fluorouracil and Doxorubicin. Results: TRIB2 OE decreased the proliferation rate of MKN45 and NCI-N87 cells, while it decreased the colony formation ability only of MKN45 cells and the migration ability of the NCI-N87 cells, when compared to control cells. TRIB2 OE did not affect the MAPK pathway in the 2 cell lines, and no variations in proliferation were observed among the control cells and those transduced with TRIB2 after the drug treatments. Conclusions: These results suggest that TRIB2 behaves as a tumor suppressor in GC with a CIN phenotype. The reduction of this protein’s expression could be associated to the aggressiveness of this subtype of GC. More studies are warranted to fully understand the role of TRIB2 in GC. Assessing TRIB2 expression in primary GC samples belonging to different subtypes could further elucidate its role in this cancer, and potentially help in the prognostic stratification of GC patients.
Studio del ruolo di TRIB2 nel cancro gastrico. Introduzione: Il carcinoma gastrico (CG) è un tipo di cancro che insorge nello stomaco ed è il quinto tumore più frequente e la quarta causa di morte a livello mondiale. È considerato una malattia multifattoriale, poiché può derivare da fattori ambientali, come l'infezione cronica da H. pylori, l'età, la dieta e il fumo, nonché da fattori genetici, come la predisposizione familiare, il silenziamento epigenetico sporadico del gene MLH1 e le mutazioni germinali nel gene CDH1 che codifica la proteina E-caderina. Il CG viene spesso diagnosticato attraverso l'endoscopia del tratto gastrointestinale superiore, quando ormai ha raggiunto uno stadio avanzato, in cui è difficile intervenire. La terapia prevede la chirurgia in combinazione con la chemioterapia, l'immunoterapia o la radioterapia, ma nella maggior parte dei tumori insorge la resistenza ai farmaci chemioterapici. Di conseguenza, sono necessari nuovi biomarcatori e bersagli farmacologici per aiutare la diagnosi e il trattamento del CG. TRIB2 è un membro della famiglia dei geni Tribbles, che codificano per proteine pseudochinasi serina/treonina che agiscono come adattatori per controllare la degradazione di diverse proteine bersaglio. Queste proteine partecipano a diverse vie di segnalazione cellulare, e regolano processi quali la proliferazione, la divisione e la migrazione cellulare. Nel cancro, TRIB2 può comportarsi come oncogene o come soppressore tumorale, a seconda del contesto cellulare, e può promuovere la resistenza ai farmaci. Attualmente, in letteratura, esistono pochissime informazioni sulla possibile associazione di TRIB2 con il CG. Pertanto, abbiamo deciso di studiare il possibile ruolo di TRIB2 nell'insorgenza del CG. Materiali e metodi: Sulla base dei dati preliminari in silico precedentemente ottenuti in laboratorio, l'effetto di TRIB2 è stato valutato in due linee cellulari di CG con instabilità cromosomica (CIN), chiamate MKN45 e NCI-N87. L’aumentata espressione di TRIB2 (TRIB2 OE) è stata ottenuta mediante una trasduzione lentivirale. La valutazione degli effetti dell’aumentata espressione di TRIB2 su diverse caratteristiche oncogeniche è stata condotta utilizzando saggi funzionali, come la proliferazione cellulare, la migrazione e la formazione di colonie. Abbiamo anche esplorato l'attivazione della cascata di segnalazione Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK), in cui TRIB2 è coinvolta in altri tumori, e una possibile relazione tra TRIB2 e la risposta ai farmaci trattando le linee cellulari con o senza aumentata espressione di TRIB2 con agenti chemioterapici comunemente utilizzati, 5-Fluorouracile e Doxorubicina. Risultati: L’aumentata espressione di TRIB2 ha ridotto la proliferazione delle cellule MKN45 e NCI-N87 mentre ha diminuito la capacità di formare colonie solo delle cellule MKN45 e la capacità di migrazione solo delle cellule NCI-N87, rispetto alle cellule di controllo. L’aumentata espressione di TRIB2 non ha influenzato la cascata di segnalazione MAPK nelle due linee cellulari, e non sono state osservate differenze nella proliferazione tra le cellule di controllo e quelle trasdotte con TRIB2 a seguito del trattamento con i due farmaci selezionati. Conclusioni: Questi risultati suggeriscono che TRIB2 si comporta da soppressore tumorale nel CG con fenotipo CIN. La riduzione dell'espressione di questa proteina potrebbe essere associata all'aggressività di questo sottotipo di CG. Sono necessari ulteriori studi per comprendere appieno il ruolo di TRIB2 in questo tumore. La valutazione dell'espressione di TRIB2 in campioni primari di CG appartenenti a diversi sottotipi potrebbe chiarire ulteriormente il suo ruolo e potenzialmente aiutare nella stratificazione dei pazienti con CG.
Investigating the role of TRIB2 in gastric cancer cells
ILIADIS, GEORGIOS-DIOGENIS
2021/2022
Abstract
Introduction: Gastric cancer (GC) is a type of cancer emerging in the stomach and it is the 5th most frequent cancer, and the 4th most lethal cancer type worldwide. It is considered a multifactorial disease, since it can arise from environmental factors, like chronic infection from H. pylori, age, diet and smoking, as well as genetic factors, like familial predisposition, sporadic epigenetic silencing of MLH1, and germline mutations in the CDH1 gene encoding E-cadherin. GC is often diagnosed at a late stage via upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, usually at an advanced stage, where it cannot be mitigated. Treatment includes surgery in combination with chemotherapy, immunotherapy or radiation therapy, but most of the times drug resistance can be acquired and lead to GC tumors that are chemotherapy-resistant. Consequently, new biomarkers and druggable targets are needed to assist in GC diagnosis and treatment. TRIB2 is a member of the Tribbles gene family, which are serine/threonine pseudokinase proteins that act as scaffolds that mediate the degradation of many target proteins. These proteins take part in a plethora of signaling pathways in the cell, like cell proliferation, division and migration, as well as in stem cell fate decisions. In cancer, TRIB2 can behave as an oncogene or as a tumor-suppressor gene, depending on the cellular context, and promotes drug resistance in various cancer types. Currently, very little information exists in the literature about the possible association of TRIB2 with GC. Therefore, we tried to elucidate any possible roles of TRIB2 in GC onset. Materials and Methods: Building on previous in silico preliminary data obtained in the laboratory, the effect of TRIB2 was assessed in two GC cell lines with a chromosomal instability (CIN) phenotype, MKN45 and NCI-N87. TRIB2 overexpression (OE) was achieved via a lentivirus-mediated overexpression. The evaluation of the effects of TRIB2 OE on several oncogenic features was conducted using functional assays, such as cell proliferation, migration and colony formation. We also explored the activation of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway, located downstream of TRIB2, and any possible relationship between TRIB2 and drug response by treating the cell lines with or without TRIB2 OE with commonly used chemotherapeutic agents, 5-Fluorouracil and Doxorubicin. Results: TRIB2 OE decreased the proliferation rate of MKN45 and NCI-N87 cells, while it decreased the colony formation ability only of MKN45 cells and the migration ability of the NCI-N87 cells, when compared to control cells. TRIB2 OE did not affect the MAPK pathway in the 2 cell lines, and no variations in proliferation were observed among the control cells and those transduced with TRIB2 after the drug treatments. Conclusions: These results suggest that TRIB2 behaves as a tumor suppressor in GC with a CIN phenotype. The reduction of this protein’s expression could be associated to the aggressiveness of this subtype of GC. More studies are warranted to fully understand the role of TRIB2 in GC. Assessing TRIB2 expression in primary GC samples belonging to different subtypes could further elucidate its role in this cancer, and potentially help in the prognostic stratification of GC patients.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
Per maggiori informazioni e per verifiche sull'eventuale disponibilità del file scrivere a: unitesi@unipv.it.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/14579