The bone tissue healing process can be difficult and not always definitive: the therapeutic combination of scaffolds, cells and bioactive substances (defined as tissue therapy or tissue engineering) is a strategy used to promote the regeneration process, restoring anatomical and functional integrity. Titanium is among the most successful materials for scaffold fabrication due to its biocompatibility and excellent mechanical properties. Furthermore, its osteogenic and osteoinductive properties could be included by adding mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) with their secretome. Indeed, MSC’s secretome contains growth factors, cytokines and chemokines (either as soluble proteins or loaded in extracellular vesicles, EVs) that stimulate cell proliferation and division, supporting tissue regeneration. This thesis aims to evaluate the ability of the MSC’s secretome, formulated in a lyophilized powder (Lyosecretome), to promote the osteogenic and osteoinductive properties of porous titanium alloy scaffolds. In vitro tests were conducted using adipose tissue’s MSC seeded on titanium scaffolds with or without Lyosecretome. After 9 days, in the presence of Lyosecretome, a significant increase in cell proliferation was seen. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the cytocompatibility of titanium scaffolds: the MSCs seeded showed an elongated morphology with an initial formation of filopodia. After 7 days, in the presence of Lyosecretome, better adhesion of the MSCs to the scaffold was observed, with the more frequent formation of filopodia. From the alizarin red assay, the amount of mineral matrix deposited on the scaffold was significantly higher in the presence of Lyosecretome during the whole time of osteogenic differentiation, especially after 56 days. This indicates an improvement in osteogenic properties, also confirmed by confocal microscopy, where a peak of mineral matrix deposited was observed after 56 days of osteogenic differentiation. An ELISA assay also demonstrated the production of osteocalcin, with a maximum concentration reached after 28 days of treatment with Lyosecretome. Osteocalcin has a regulatory role in the mineral matrix deposition; therefore, it is secreted previously. For this reason, it is not surprising that the maximum mineral matrix deposited was detected, by alizarin red assay and by confocal microscopy, only after 56 days from osteogenic differentiation and not at 28 days. Overall, this work demonstrates in vitro the improvement of the osteogenic properties of titanium scaffolds when associated with Lyosecretome and represents the premise for developing an in vivo preclinical study to demonstrate efficacy and safety.
Il processo di guarigione di un tessuto osseo danneggiato può essere difficoltoso e non sempre risolutivo: l’impiego terapeutico combinato di scaffolds, cellule e sostanze bioattive (definito terapia tissutale o di ingegneria tissutale) è una strategia utilizzata per promuovere il processo di rigenerazione, ripristinando l’integrità anatomica e funzionale. Tra i materiali di maggiore successo per la fabbricazione degli scaffold vi è il titanio grazie alla sua biocompatibilità e alle sue eccellenti proprietà meccaniche. Le sue caratteristiche osteogeniche e osteoinduttive potrebbero però essere implementate mediante l’arricchimento con il secretoma delle cellule staminali mesenchimali (MSC). Infatti, i fattori di crescita, le citochine e le chemochine del secretoma delle MSC (presenti sia come proteine solubili o caricate nelle vescicole extracellulari, EV) stimolano la proliferazione e la divisione cellulare, sostenendo la rigenerazione dei tessuti. Lo scopo di questa tesi è la valutazione della capacità del secretoma delle MSC, formulato in una polvere liofilizzata (Lyosecretoma), di promuovere le proprietà osteogeniche ed osteoinduttive di scaffolds porosi in lega di titanio. Sono stati condotti test in vitro utilizzando MSC del tessuto adiposo seminate su scaffold in titanio con o senza Lyosecretoma. Dopo 9 giorni, in presenza di Lyosecretoma, è stato osservato un significativo aumento della proliferazione cellulare. La microscopia elettronica a scansione ha rivelato la citocompatibilità degli scaffold in titanio: le MSC seminate hanno mostrato una morfologia allungata con una formazione iniziale di filopodi. Dopo 7 giorni, in presenza di Lyosecretoma, si è osservata una migliore adesione delle MSC allo scaffold, con la formazione più frequente di filopodi. Dal saggio con alizarin red la quantità di matrice minerale depositata sullo scaffold era significativamente superiore in presenza del Lyosecretoma durante tutto il tempo di differenziamento osteogenico, e soprattutto dopo 56 giorni. Ciò indica un miglioramento delle proprietà osteogeniche, che è stato confermato anche dalla microscopia confocale, dove si è osservato un picco di matrice minerale depositata a 56 giorni dal differenziamento osteogenico. Mediante saggio ELISA si è inoltre dimostrata la produzione di osteocalcina, con una concentrazione massima raggiunta dopo 28 giorni di trattamento con il Lyosecretoma. L’osteocalcina ha un ruolo regolatorio sulla deposizione di matrice minerale ed è quindi secreta antecedentemente; pertanto, non stupisce che il massimo di matrice minerale depositata sia stato rilevato, dal saggio con alizarin red e di microscopia confocale, solo dopo 56 giorni dal differenziamento osteogenico, e non a 28 giorni. Complessivamente, questo lavoro dimostra il miglioramento delle proprietà osteogeniche in vitro degli scaffold di titanio quando associate al Lyosecretoma e rappresenta la premessa per lo sviluppo di uno studio preclinico in vivo per dimostrare efficacia e sicurezza.
Effetto del secretoma liofilizzato di cellule stromali mesenchimali (Lyosecretoma) sulle proprietà osteogeniche e osteoinduttive di scaffolds in lega di titanio.
MARSANI, SIMONE
2021/2022
Abstract
The bone tissue healing process can be difficult and not always definitive: the therapeutic combination of scaffolds, cells and bioactive substances (defined as tissue therapy or tissue engineering) is a strategy used to promote the regeneration process, restoring anatomical and functional integrity. Titanium is among the most successful materials for scaffold fabrication due to its biocompatibility and excellent mechanical properties. Furthermore, its osteogenic and osteoinductive properties could be included by adding mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) with their secretome. Indeed, MSC’s secretome contains growth factors, cytokines and chemokines (either as soluble proteins or loaded in extracellular vesicles, EVs) that stimulate cell proliferation and division, supporting tissue regeneration. This thesis aims to evaluate the ability of the MSC’s secretome, formulated in a lyophilized powder (Lyosecretome), to promote the osteogenic and osteoinductive properties of porous titanium alloy scaffolds. In vitro tests were conducted using adipose tissue’s MSC seeded on titanium scaffolds with or without Lyosecretome. After 9 days, in the presence of Lyosecretome, a significant increase in cell proliferation was seen. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the cytocompatibility of titanium scaffolds: the MSCs seeded showed an elongated morphology with an initial formation of filopodia. After 7 days, in the presence of Lyosecretome, better adhesion of the MSCs to the scaffold was observed, with the more frequent formation of filopodia. From the alizarin red assay, the amount of mineral matrix deposited on the scaffold was significantly higher in the presence of Lyosecretome during the whole time of osteogenic differentiation, especially after 56 days. This indicates an improvement in osteogenic properties, also confirmed by confocal microscopy, where a peak of mineral matrix deposited was observed after 56 days of osteogenic differentiation. An ELISA assay also demonstrated the production of osteocalcin, with a maximum concentration reached after 28 days of treatment with Lyosecretome. Osteocalcin has a regulatory role in the mineral matrix deposition; therefore, it is secreted previously. For this reason, it is not surprising that the maximum mineral matrix deposited was detected, by alizarin red assay and by confocal microscopy, only after 56 days from osteogenic differentiation and not at 28 days. Overall, this work demonstrates in vitro the improvement of the osteogenic properties of titanium scaffolds when associated with Lyosecretome and represents the premise for developing an in vivo preclinical study to demonstrate efficacy and safety.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/14668