Introduction: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a neurodegenarative inherited condition mostly affecting male patients, with an incidence of 1 of 3.500 - 5.000, caused by a recessive mutation of the DMD gene that codifies for a structural protein, the dystrophin, mainly expressed in the skeletal muscle. The dysfunction or absence of the dystrophin affect plasma membrane integrity; skeletal myofibers undergo repeated degeneration-regeneration cycles, leading to a progressive muscular mass loss, weakening and fibrosis. Currently there is not a therapy for DMD and patients only receive palliative care. In this study we aimed at characterizing DMD-associated skeletal muscle fibrosis and its progression in vivo and in vitro, in a mouse experimental model of DMD, the mdx mouse, by morphological and molecular methods. Materials and Methods: In this study young (1 month) and adult (5 months) wt and mdx mice were used. Histological sections of quadricep (QD), gastrocnemius (GC), anterior tibialis (TA) and diaphragm (DF) muscles were stained by Sirius red staining to quantify the fibrosis index, that was related with the percentage of centronucleated muscle fibers and the muscular performance. Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans content were analyzed by Alcian blue staining and immunohistochemistry. Collagen turnover pathways were analyzed in primary cell cultures of muscle fibroblast of QD. For this purpose, collagen type I and III (COL-I, COL-III), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-1 and 2 were assayed, respectively, Slot blot and SDS-zymography in cell supernatants. Gene expression for lysyl oxidase (LOX), lysyl hydroxylase 2b (LH2b), tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP-1 and 2) and Transforming Growth Factor-1 (TGF-1) was analyzed by real-time PCR. Results: Collagen significantly increased in DF, QD and GC endomysium in adult mdx mice, and significant relationship between fibrosis index and centronucleated muscle fibers was detected. COL-I and COL-III secreted by wt and mdx fibroblasts in cell culture medium was similar in wt and mdx mice, while LH2b gene expression resulted significantly up-regulated in mdx compared to wt age-matched mice, and in adult mdx compared to wt mice. MMP-1 e 2 levels remained unchanged but TIMP-2 mRNA levels significantly increased in mdx compared to wt adult fibroblasts. This pattern was paralleled by TGF-β1 gene expression levels. Discussion and conclusions: the result of this study show that DF and QD are the most involved muscles in DMD. Although fibrosis determined by an increased collagen accumulation in skeletal muscles ECM, also some proteoglycans such as byglycan increased in mdx mice. The in vitro results suggest that LH2b up-regulation in mdx mice could favor an increased collagen cross-linking and, likely, a lower susceptibility to degradation, representing a driving mechanism in DMD-associated muscle fibrosis. This mechanism, in adult mice, is strengthened by TIMP-2 up-regulation, that could reduce collagen degradation by MMPs, thus playing a key role in fibrosis progression. Overall, these results contribute to the characterization of DMD-associated muscle fibrosis and of the involved molecular mechanisms, that could serve as new therapeutic targets for the treatment of DMD.
Introduzione: La distrofia muscolare di Duchenne (DMD) è una malattia neurodegenerativa su base ereditaria, che colpisce prevalentemente i soggetti di sesso maschile, con un’incidenza di 1 su 3.500 - 5.000 maschi nati vivi. Essa è causata da mutazione recessiva nel gene DMD che codifica per la distrofina, espressa principalmente nel muscolo scheletrico. La disfunzione, o l’assenza, di distrofina, compromettono l'integrità della membrana delle miofibre e porta a continui cicli di degenerazione e rigenerazione delle cellule, con perdita progressiva della massa muscolare, debolezza e fibrosi. Ad oggi, non esiste una cura per la DMD ed i pazienti ricevono solo cure palliative. Lo scopo di questo studio è quello di caratterizzare la fibrosi muscolare associata alla DMD e la sua progressione in vivo e in vitro, in un modello sperimentale murino di DMD, il topo mdx, mediante tecniche morfologiche e molecolari. Materiali e metodi: Per questo studio sono stati utilizzati topi mdx giovani (1 mese) e adulti (5 mesi). Sezioni istologiche dei muscoli quadricipite femorale (QD), gastrocnemio (GC), tibiale anteriore (TA) e diaframma (DF) sono state colorate con Rosso Sirius al fine di valutare l’indice di fibrosi, che è stato correlato con il numero di cellule centronucleate e con la performance fisica. È stato inoltre analizzato il contenuto in glicosaminoglicani/proteoglicani mediante colorazione con Alcian blue e immunoistochimica. I meccanismi del turnover del collagene sono stati studiati in colture primarie di fibroblasti muscolari ottenuti dal muscolo QD. L’espressione del collagene di tipo I e III (COL-I, COL-III) e delle metalloproteinasi della matrice MMP-1 e MMP-2, sono stati valutati, rispettivamente, mediante Slot blot e SDS-zimografia nei surnatanti delle colture cellulari. L'espressione genica della lisil ossidasi (LOX), della lisil idrossilasi 2b (LH2b), degli inibitori tissutali delle MMP (TIMP-1 e 2) e del Transforming Growth Factor-1 (TGF-1), è stata analizzata mediante real-time PCR. Risultati: Il collagene è aumentato in modo significativo nell’endomisio dei muscoli DF, QD e GC nei topi mdx adulti, con una correlazione significativa tra l’indice di fibrosi e la degenerazione muscolare. Il contenuto di COL-I e COL-III secreti dai fibroblasti wt e mdx è risultato simile nei topi giovani e adulti; tuttavia, l’espressione genica della LH2b è risultata significativamente up-regolata nei topi mdx rispetto ai wt della stessa età, e nei topi mdx adulti rispetto ai topi mdx giovani. I livelli di MMP-1 e 2 non sono risultati modificati; tuttavia, i livelli di mRNA per TIMP-2 sono risultati up-regolati nei fibroblasti dei topi mdx rispetto ai wt di 5 mesi. Tale pattern è risultato sovrapponibile a quello osservato per il TGF-β1. Discussione e conclusioni: I risultati di questo studio indicano che i muscoli DF e QD sono quelli maggiormente coinvolti dalla DMD. Nonostante la fibrosi sia sostenuta da un eccessivo accumulo di collagene nella ECM del tessuto connettivo, anche alcuni proteoglicani, quali il biglicano, risultano maggiormente espressi nei topi mdx. I risultati ottenuti in vitro suggeriscono che la up-regolazione della LH2b nei topi mdx, che potrebbe favorire un aumento di cross-links del collagene e, quindi, verosimilmente, renderlo meno suscettibile alla degradazione, si configura quale meccanismo molecolare alla base della fibrosi associata alla DMD. Questo meccanismo, nei topi adulti, viene affiancato da un aumento di TIMP-2 che, riducendo la degradazione del collagene da parte delle MMP, potrebbe giocare un ruolo chiave nella progressione della fibrosi. Considerati nel loro insieme, i risultati di questo studio contribuiscono alla caratterizzazione della fibrosi associata alla DMD e dei meccanismi molecolari coinvolti, che potrebbero rappresentare possibili nuovi target terapeutici per il trattamento della patologia.
Caratterizzazione della progressione della fibrosi associata alla distrofia muscolare di Duchenne: studio in vivo e in vitro.
NAVA, AMBRA
2021/2022
Abstract
Introduction: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a neurodegenarative inherited condition mostly affecting male patients, with an incidence of 1 of 3.500 - 5.000, caused by a recessive mutation of the DMD gene that codifies for a structural protein, the dystrophin, mainly expressed in the skeletal muscle. The dysfunction or absence of the dystrophin affect plasma membrane integrity; skeletal myofibers undergo repeated degeneration-regeneration cycles, leading to a progressive muscular mass loss, weakening and fibrosis. Currently there is not a therapy for DMD and patients only receive palliative care. In this study we aimed at characterizing DMD-associated skeletal muscle fibrosis and its progression in vivo and in vitro, in a mouse experimental model of DMD, the mdx mouse, by morphological and molecular methods. Materials and Methods: In this study young (1 month) and adult (5 months) wt and mdx mice were used. Histological sections of quadricep (QD), gastrocnemius (GC), anterior tibialis (TA) and diaphragm (DF) muscles were stained by Sirius red staining to quantify the fibrosis index, that was related with the percentage of centronucleated muscle fibers and the muscular performance. Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans content were analyzed by Alcian blue staining and immunohistochemistry. Collagen turnover pathways were analyzed in primary cell cultures of muscle fibroblast of QD. For this purpose, collagen type I and III (COL-I, COL-III), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-1 and 2 were assayed, respectively, Slot blot and SDS-zymography in cell supernatants. Gene expression for lysyl oxidase (LOX), lysyl hydroxylase 2b (LH2b), tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP-1 and 2) and Transforming Growth Factor-1 (TGF-1) was analyzed by real-time PCR. Results: Collagen significantly increased in DF, QD and GC endomysium in adult mdx mice, and significant relationship between fibrosis index and centronucleated muscle fibers was detected. COL-I and COL-III secreted by wt and mdx fibroblasts in cell culture medium was similar in wt and mdx mice, while LH2b gene expression resulted significantly up-regulated in mdx compared to wt age-matched mice, and in adult mdx compared to wt mice. MMP-1 e 2 levels remained unchanged but TIMP-2 mRNA levels significantly increased in mdx compared to wt adult fibroblasts. This pattern was paralleled by TGF-β1 gene expression levels. Discussion and conclusions: the result of this study show that DF and QD are the most involved muscles in DMD. Although fibrosis determined by an increased collagen accumulation in skeletal muscles ECM, also some proteoglycans such as byglycan increased in mdx mice. The in vitro results suggest that LH2b up-regulation in mdx mice could favor an increased collagen cross-linking and, likely, a lower susceptibility to degradation, representing a driving mechanism in DMD-associated muscle fibrosis. This mechanism, in adult mice, is strengthened by TIMP-2 up-regulation, that could reduce collagen degradation by MMPs, thus playing a key role in fibrosis progression. Overall, these results contribute to the characterization of DMD-associated muscle fibrosis and of the involved molecular mechanisms, that could serve as new therapeutic targets for the treatment of DMD.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/14826