Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a heterogenous clonal disorder characterized by accumulation of undifferentiated myeloid blasts. Current antiproliferative chemotherapeutic regimens target rapidly cycling leukemic progenitors inducing disease remission, however relapse risk is frequent. Recurrency is linked to hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived Leukemia Stem Cell (LSC) which are capable of limitless self-renewal and are responsible for the maintenance of leukemia. Regeneration-associated Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway is required for the self-renewal of LSCs, suggesting an important role in the maintenance of their stemness and proliferation proprieties. In adult hematopoiesis, the Wnt signaling pathway sustains the renewal and regeneration of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs). In leukemia, Wnt signaling could be the crucial factor in progress from pre-LSC into an LSC mainly sustained by its constitutive activation caused primarily by poly-methylation of Wnt inhibitor’s promoters (inhibitors like WIF1, DKK1, etc.). This continuous activation leads to the over-expression of MYC, one of the downstream genes induced by the Wnt signaling pathway, a proto-oncogene reported to be frequently activated in AML. Due to the fundamental contribution of the Wnt pathway to the development and maintenance of AML, therapeutic targeting of Wnt has long been proposed. The use of Complementary and Integrative Medicine (CIM) is widespread and widely accepted in cancer patients, and recently was suggested the use of medicinal mushrooms as integrative drugs for leukemia treatment was suggested. Medicinal mushrooms are recognized as immunomodulators and anti-cancer agents that can disrupt certain cellular signal transmission pathways, which are associated with cancer development and progression. One of these compounds, cordycepin (COR), extracted from Cordyceps Militaris, is an analog of adenosine (also known as 3-deoxyadenosine), it has been suggested to possess anti-leukemic properties and was found to interfere with LSCs proliferation by attenuating Wnt/β-catenin signaling in leukemia cells. For these characteristics, we choose to evaluate COR drug as a new candidate to target the Wnt pathway and impair the proliferation in the AML cell model MUTZ-2, enriched for the LSC marker AC133. The first analysis showed the pro-apoptotic characteristic of COR in MUTZ-2 by declining the cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, Annexin V analysis revealed that COR is involved in apoptosis. In the following step, we performed an AmpliSeq™ transcriptome analysis focused on Wnt signaling in the MUTZ-2 cells exposed to increasing concentrations of COR. The preliminary results show a significant drug-dependent reactivation of the Wnt pathway antagonist, WIF1, and a down-modulation of agonists, including MYC. How COR contributes to reactivating WIF1 expression is still to be understood but these promising results can be useful for the future use of COR as a potential agent or adjuvant for leukemia therapy by targeting LSCs, which are the main responsible for disease relapse. Despite the promising preliminary data, more scientific work needs to be done to enhance the in vivo stability of cordycepin and in general to clarify the use of medicinal mushrooms in cancer therapy.
La Leucemia Mieloide Acuta (AML) è un disordine clonale ed eterogeneo caratterizzato da un’accumulazione di blasti mieloidi non differenziati. L’attuale regime chemioterapico antiproliferativo attacca specificatamente i progenitori a rapida proliferazione, inducendo così la remissione della malattia ma non elimina totalmente il rischio di recidiva. La ricaduta è collegata alle cellule staminali leucemiche (LSC) derivate dalle cellule staminali ematopoietiche (HSC), le quali presentano una capacità di self-renewal illimitata, risultando così responsabili per il mantenimento della condizione patologica. Il Wnt/-catenina signaling pathway, associato alla rigenerazione, è necessario per la capacità di self-renewal delle LSC, suggerendo l’importanza di questo pathway nel mantenere la proprietà di staminalità e proliferazione. Nell’emopoiesi dell’adulto, il Wnt signaling pathway è responsabile del rinnovo e della rigenerazione delle HSC, mentre nella leucemia, il Wnt signaling sembra essere cruciale come fattore che porta la trasformazione da cellule pre-LSC a LSC grazie alla sua attivazione costitutiva dovuta alla poliadenilazione dei promotori di alcuni inibitori del percorso (come per esempio WIF1, DKK1, ecc.). Questa continua attivazione porta ad un’over-espressione di MYC, uno dei geni a valle del Wnt signaling pathway, un protooncogene spesso attivo nell’AML. A causa del ruolo fondamentale che il Wnt/-catenina pathway sembra svolgere nello sviluppo e mantenimento dell’AML, è stato a lungo proposto come possibile target terapeutico. L’uso della medicina integrativa è molto diffuso e largamente accettato nei malati oncologici; recentemente è stato suggerito l’uso di funghi medicinali come farmaci integrativi per il trattamento della leucemia. I funghi medicinali sono conosciuti come immuno-modulatori e come agenti antitumorali in grado di interrompere il pathway di trasduzione del segnale e spesso sono associati allo sviluppo e alla crescita del cancro. Uno di queste sostanze è la Cordicepina (COR) la quale viene estratta dal fungo Cordyceps militaris. COR è un analogo dell’adenosina (conosciuta anche come 3’-deossiadenosina) e si è ipotizzato possa avere delle proprietà antileucemiche; è stata riscontrata la sua capacità di interferire con la proliferazione delle LSC attraverso l’attenuazione del Wnt/β-catenina signaling. Per queste caratteristiche, abbiamo deciso di analizzare l’abilità della Cordicepina di colpire il Wnt signaling pathway canonico e di conseguenza alterare la proliferazione nella linea cellulare leucemica MUTZ-2, ricca in particolare del marker per le cellule staminali leucemiche: AC133. Le prime analisi hanno dimostrato la caratteristica pro-apoptotica del COR nelle MUTZ-2 attraverso la diminuzione della viabilità cellulare in maniera dose-dipendente. Ulteriormente, l’analisi con Annexina V, ha rivelato il coinvolgimento di COR nell’apoptosi. Successivamente abbiamo eseguito un’analisi trascrittomica in AmpliSeq™ incentrata sul Wnt pathway nelle MUTZ-2 in seguito al trattamento con cordicepina. I risultati preliminari hanno mostrato una significativa ri-attivazione farmaco-dipendente di WIF1, un antagonista del Wnt signaling pathway, e una sotto modulazione degli agonisti, incluso MYC. Come COR sia in grado di riattivare l’espressione di WIF1 necessita ancora di ulteriori approfondimenti, ma questi risultati sembrano essere promettenti nell’indicare la possibilità dell’utilizzo della cordicepina come un potente agente adiuvante per il trattamento leucemico, andando a colpire le LSC, causa principale delle ricadute. Nonostante i dati preliminari siano incoraggianti, è ancora necessario dell’ulteriore lavoro per aumentare la stabilità di COR in vivo e, oltretutto, per chiarire l’uso dei funghi medicinali nella terapia oncologica.
L'inibitore di poliadenilazione Cordicepina (3’dA) induce apoptosi nelle cellule leucemiche umane AC133+ attraverso l'up-regolazione di di WIF1 e la down-regolazione di MYC
MILANA, ELEONORA
2021/2022
Abstract
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a heterogenous clonal disorder characterized by accumulation of undifferentiated myeloid blasts. Current antiproliferative chemotherapeutic regimens target rapidly cycling leukemic progenitors inducing disease remission, however relapse risk is frequent. Recurrency is linked to hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived Leukemia Stem Cell (LSC) which are capable of limitless self-renewal and are responsible for the maintenance of leukemia. Regeneration-associated Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway is required for the self-renewal of LSCs, suggesting an important role in the maintenance of their stemness and proliferation proprieties. In adult hematopoiesis, the Wnt signaling pathway sustains the renewal and regeneration of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs). In leukemia, Wnt signaling could be the crucial factor in progress from pre-LSC into an LSC mainly sustained by its constitutive activation caused primarily by poly-methylation of Wnt inhibitor’s promoters (inhibitors like WIF1, DKK1, etc.). This continuous activation leads to the over-expression of MYC, one of the downstream genes induced by the Wnt signaling pathway, a proto-oncogene reported to be frequently activated in AML. Due to the fundamental contribution of the Wnt pathway to the development and maintenance of AML, therapeutic targeting of Wnt has long been proposed. The use of Complementary and Integrative Medicine (CIM) is widespread and widely accepted in cancer patients, and recently was suggested the use of medicinal mushrooms as integrative drugs for leukemia treatment was suggested. Medicinal mushrooms are recognized as immunomodulators and anti-cancer agents that can disrupt certain cellular signal transmission pathways, which are associated with cancer development and progression. One of these compounds, cordycepin (COR), extracted from Cordyceps Militaris, is an analog of adenosine (also known as 3-deoxyadenosine), it has been suggested to possess anti-leukemic properties and was found to interfere with LSCs proliferation by attenuating Wnt/β-catenin signaling in leukemia cells. For these characteristics, we choose to evaluate COR drug as a new candidate to target the Wnt pathway and impair the proliferation in the AML cell model MUTZ-2, enriched for the LSC marker AC133. The first analysis showed the pro-apoptotic characteristic of COR in MUTZ-2 by declining the cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, Annexin V analysis revealed that COR is involved in apoptosis. In the following step, we performed an AmpliSeq™ transcriptome analysis focused on Wnt signaling in the MUTZ-2 cells exposed to increasing concentrations of COR. The preliminary results show a significant drug-dependent reactivation of the Wnt pathway antagonist, WIF1, and a down-modulation of agonists, including MYC. How COR contributes to reactivating WIF1 expression is still to be understood but these promising results can be useful for the future use of COR as a potential agent or adjuvant for leukemia therapy by targeting LSCs, which are the main responsible for disease relapse. Despite the promising preliminary data, more scientific work needs to be done to enhance the in vivo stability of cordycepin and in general to clarify the use of medicinal mushrooms in cancer therapy.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/14912