Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive, extremely versatile pathogen capable to infect humans and livestock. S. aureus represents the etiologic agent of potentially harmful human health diseases such as sepsis, endocarditis, and necrotizing pneumonia, and is also responsible for many less severe clinical manifestations such as epithelial and mucosal infections. The bacterium performs its pathogenic role through adhesion to host cells and tissues, invasion of non-phagocytic cells, and evasion of innate immune defenses. The ability of S. aureus to develop resistance to a wide variety of antibiotics, such as methicillin, and vancomycin, leads to the urgency of continuous research for alternate measures of control. One of the major factors involved in the virulence of S. aureus is represented by the secreted proteins. Among these: Coagulase and vWbp and can be considered potentially effective targets for vaccine design. The vWbp is a multifunctional virulence factor of 482 amino acids, that was initially identified as a bacterial receptor for the human von Willebrand factor (vWF). In addition to the link with vWF, vWbp interacts with other human ligands, including fibrinogen (FBG), Prothrombin (FII), and Factor XIII (FXIII). When the coagulation cascade is triggered, the physiological activation of FII involves a proteolytic cleavage, leading to the generation of active thrombin. FII can also be non-proteolytically activated with a conformational change by binding to vWbp, generating the staphylothrombin. The latter can cleave FBG forming the fibrin and then activate FXIII, which generates cross-links in the fibrin mesh. In this work, we investigated the biological significance of the interaction between all these components. First, we evaluated the kinetics of binding of vWbp to FII and FBG, then we tested the activity of staphylothrombin on FBG, and we furtherly investigated its catalytic activity by structural analysis of the fibrin mesh by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). We discovered that staphylofibrin generated by the action of vWbp is morphologically different from the physiological fibrin. This distinctive characteristic could be associated with the presence of vWbp in the fibrin network. Further testing of staphylofibrin supported this previously obtained evidence: this fibrin generated by vWbp seems much more resistant to fibrinolysis, the process that counteracts coagulation. Moreover, we tested the activity of staphylothrombin on FXIII, proving that this bacterially generated enzyme can activate FXIII, leading to the formation on fibrin of Aα-chain multimers and ɤ-chain dimers. vWbp interacts with several human proteins inside the host, strongly contributing to the pathogenicity of S. aureus. The formation of staphylofibrin could be correlated to the increased tendency of blood coagulation during S. aureus infection, leading to an enhancement of thrombotic events. In addition, the formation of cross-links fibrin by the simultaneous activation of FXIII could have a key role in the high persistence of the bacterium inside the human tissues.
Von Willebrand Factor binding protein (vWbp) secreta da Staphylococcus aureus promuove la formazione di reticoli di fibrina reclutando la protrombina e il fattore FXIII. Staphylococcus aureus è un agente patogeno gram-positivo, estremamente versatile in grado di infettare sia gli esseri umani che gli animali. S. aureus rappresenta l'agente eziologico di malattie potenzialmente dannose per la salute umana come la sepsi, l’endocardite e la polmonite necrotizzante, ed è anche responsabile di molte manifestazioni cliniche meno gravi come le infezioni epiteliali e delle mucose. Il potenziale patogenetico del batterio è dovuto alla sua capacità di aderire alle cellule o ai tessuti dell’ospite, invadere le cellule non-fagocitiche, ed evadere le difese immunitarie innate. Inoltre, l’acquisizione di antibiotico resistenza da parte di S. aureus, in particolare nei confronti di meticillina e vancomicina, rende urgente la ricerca di strategie terapeutiche alternative. Tra i principali fattori di virulenza di S. aureus vi sono le proteine secrete, tra queste, la Coagulasi (CoA) e la von Willebrand factor binding protein (vWbp), possono essere considerate ideali bersagli per la progettazione di un efficace vaccino. La vWbp è una proteina di 482 aminoacidi, inizialmente identificata come un recettore batterico per il fattore di von Willebrand (vWF). Oltre al legame con vWF, la vWbp interagisce con altri ligandi umani, tra cui il fibrinogeno (FBG), la protrombina (FII) e il fattore XIII (FXIII). Quando viene attivata la cascata di coagulazione, l'attivazione fisiologica della FII comporta la sua scissione proteolitica, che porta alla generazione di trombina. La FII può anche essere attivata non proteoliticamente con un cambiamento conformazionale indotto dalla vWbp, generando la stafilotrombina. Quest'ultima può scindere il FBG formando la fibrina e quindi attivare il FXIII, che genera legami isopeptidici nella maglia di fibrina stabilizzandola. In questo lavoro, abbiamo studiato il significato biologico dell'interazione tra tutti questi componenti. In primo luogo, abbiamo valutato la cinetica di legame di vWbp a FII e FBG, poi abbiamo testato l'attività catalitica della stafilotrombina nel formare fibrina, e infine osservato attraverso microscopio elettronico a scansione (SEM) la fibrina generata. Abbiamo osservato che la stafilofibrina è morfologicamente diversa dalla fibrina e che tale differenza potrebbe essere dovuta alla presenza della vWbp nella sua rete. Ulteriori analisi hanno dimostrato che la stafilofibrina è più resistente alla fibrinolisi mediata da plasmina rispetto alla fibrina, e quindi con un potenziale trombogenico superiore. Inoltre, abbiamo valutato l'attività catalitica della stafilotrombina sul FXIII, confermando che questo enzima può attivare il FXIII, portando alla formazione di multimeri di catena Aα e dimeri a catena ɤ della fibrina. La vWbp interagisce con diverse proteine umane all'interno dell'ospite, contribuendo fortemente alla patogenicità di S. aureus. La formazione di stafilofibrina potrebbe essere correlata alla maggiore tendenza alla coagulazione del sangue durante l'infezione da S. aureus, portando ad un aumento degli eventi trombotici. Inoltre, la formazione di legami crociati mediati dal FXIII nel reticolo di fibrina potrebbe favorire la persistenza del batterio all'interno dei tessuti umani e aumentare l’antibiotico resistenza.
"von Willebrand Factor binding protein (vWbp) of Staphylococcus aureus promotes the formation of cross-linked fibrin recruiting prothrombin (FII) and FXIIII"
FERRETTI, VALENTINA
2021/2022
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive, extremely versatile pathogen capable to infect humans and livestock. S. aureus represents the etiologic agent of potentially harmful human health diseases such as sepsis, endocarditis, and necrotizing pneumonia, and is also responsible for many less severe clinical manifestations such as epithelial and mucosal infections. The bacterium performs its pathogenic role through adhesion to host cells and tissues, invasion of non-phagocytic cells, and evasion of innate immune defenses. The ability of S. aureus to develop resistance to a wide variety of antibiotics, such as methicillin, and vancomycin, leads to the urgency of continuous research for alternate measures of control. One of the major factors involved in the virulence of S. aureus is represented by the secreted proteins. Among these: Coagulase and vWbp and can be considered potentially effective targets for vaccine design. The vWbp is a multifunctional virulence factor of 482 amino acids, that was initially identified as a bacterial receptor for the human von Willebrand factor (vWF). In addition to the link with vWF, vWbp interacts with other human ligands, including fibrinogen (FBG), Prothrombin (FII), and Factor XIII (FXIII). When the coagulation cascade is triggered, the physiological activation of FII involves a proteolytic cleavage, leading to the generation of active thrombin. FII can also be non-proteolytically activated with a conformational change by binding to vWbp, generating the staphylothrombin. The latter can cleave FBG forming the fibrin and then activate FXIII, which generates cross-links in the fibrin mesh. In this work, we investigated the biological significance of the interaction between all these components. First, we evaluated the kinetics of binding of vWbp to FII and FBG, then we tested the activity of staphylothrombin on FBG, and we furtherly investigated its catalytic activity by structural analysis of the fibrin mesh by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). We discovered that staphylofibrin generated by the action of vWbp is morphologically different from the physiological fibrin. This distinctive characteristic could be associated with the presence of vWbp in the fibrin network. Further testing of staphylofibrin supported this previously obtained evidence: this fibrin generated by vWbp seems much more resistant to fibrinolysis, the process that counteracts coagulation. Moreover, we tested the activity of staphylothrombin on FXIII, proving that this bacterially generated enzyme can activate FXIII, leading to the formation on fibrin of Aα-chain multimers and ɤ-chain dimers. vWbp interacts with several human proteins inside the host, strongly contributing to the pathogenicity of S. aureus. The formation of staphylofibrin could be correlated to the increased tendency of blood coagulation during S. aureus infection, leading to an enhancement of thrombotic events. In addition, the formation of cross-links fibrin by the simultaneous activation of FXIII could have a key role in the high persistence of the bacterium inside the human tissues.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/15089