Nutritional ecology, the discipline that investigates how the environment affects the dietary requirements, foraging habits, and nutrient uptake of organisms, has gained significant interest in the last decades. Several studies have been conducted in captivity, particularly on invertebrates but data on wild animals are still negligible, especially for mammals. Actually, a few studies have been published in the last decades, but no research has been carried out on foxes, although they are widespread and largely studied. This study aimed to offer a complete framework of the nutritional ecology of the fox by estimating the species’ macronutrient intake target and its macronutrient ratios in Alpine areas and investigating the relationship between the diet of the fox and its fitness, using density as a surrogate. By analysing available literature data, we were able to show that, despite its well-known generalist food habits, foxes tend to consume as much protein as typical carnivores, with an intake target of 52.3% protein, 38.7% lipid and 8.9% carbohydrate energy. Sampling faeces from March 2021 to March 2022 in five areas of the western Italian Alps (i.e., the upper valleys of the rivers Nomenon, Saint-Barthélemy, Chalamy, Elvo and Cervo), we investigated fox diet through the analysis of undigested remains, with the aim of assessing both the relative importance of food resources and macronutrient ratios of the different areas. In Alpine areas foxes ate less fruit than expected, small rodents (mice and voles) and ungulate carrions forming the bulk of their diet. As a consequence, the amount of protein energy ranged between 46.6% and 68.3%. In Saint Barthélemy valley, the annual macronutrient ratio was the closest to the target. Density was assessed through a non-invasive, faecal DNA-based genetic census, based on the analysis of fresh samples collected during autumn-winter. Genotyping success, through the amplification and sequencing of 20 microsatellite loci, was rather high (52.8%) and allowed to record the occurrence of a total of 47 different individuals. Density was assessed by using either CAPWIRE estimators or the minimum population size (number of genotyped individuals), ranging between 0.7 and 2.3 ind/km2 with the first method and from 0.4 to 1.2 ind/km2 by the second method. Comparing these results to the deviation of each population’s macronutrient ratios from the target intake, we recorded that density decreases as the deviation increases. Although sample size is too small to get definitive results, we conclude that, making some assumptions, there may be a relationship between fox fitness and the intake target of the fox. As widely recognised, the food habits of the red fox are very flexible, making foxes able to adapt to local food availability and hence colonise and survive in a wide variety of habitats. However, this capacity may be not exempt from fitness costs.
L'ecologia nutrizionale, la disciplina che studia come l'ambiente influenzi le esigenze dietetiche, le abitudini di foraggiamento e l'assorbimento di nutrienti da parte degli organismi, ha suscitato un notevole interesse negli ultimi decenni. Diversi studi sono stati condotti in cattività, in particolare sugli invertebrati ma i dati sugli animali selvatici sono ancora trascurabili, soprattutto per i mammiferi. Infatti, negli ultimi decenni sono stati pubblicati alcuni studi, ma nessuna ricerca è stata condotta sulle volpi, sebbene siano diffuse e ampiamente studiate. Questo studio ha l’obbiettivo di offrire un quadro completo dell'ecologia nutrizionale della volpe stimando il target intake di macronutrienti della specie, i rapporti di macronutrienti nelle aree alpine e studiando la relazione tra la dieta della volpe e la sua fitness, utilizzando la densità come surrogato. Analizzando i dati di letteratura disponibili, siamo stati in grado di dimostrare che, nonostante le sue ben note abitudini alimentari generaliste, le volpi tendono a consumare tante proteine quanto i tipici carnivori, con un target di assunzione di 52.3% di proteine, 38.7% di lipidi e 8.9% di carboidrati. Campionando le feci da marzo 2021 a marzo 2022 in cinque aree delle Alpi italiane occidentali (i.e., le alte valli dei fiumi Nomenon, Saint-Barthélemy, Chalamy, Elvo e Cervo), abbiamo studiato la dieta della volpe attraverso l'analisi dei resti non digeriti, con l'obiettivo di valutare sia l'importanza relativa delle risorse alimentari che i rapporti di macronutrienti delle diverse aree. Nelle zone alpine le volpi mangiano meno frutta di quanto aspettato, piccoli roditori (topi e arvicole) e carogne ungulate costituiscono il maggior componente della loro dieta. Di conseguenza, la quantità di energia proteica varia tra il 46.6% e il 68.3%. Nella valle di Saint Barthélemy, il rapporto annuale di macronutrienti è il più vicino al target intake. La densità è stata valutata attraverso un censimento genetico non invasivo basato sull’estrazione e analisi di DNA fecale proveniente da campioni freschi raccolti durante l'autunno-inverno. Il successo della genotipizzazione, attraverso l'amplificazione e il sequenziamento di 20 loci microsatellitari, è stato piuttosto elevato (52.8%) e ha permesso di registrare la presenza di un totale di 47 individui diversi. La densità è stata stimata utilizzando sia il software CAPWIRE che la dimensione minima della popolazione (i.e. numero di individui genotipizzati): con il primo metodo sono stati ottenuti valori compresi tra 0.7 e 2.3 ind/km2, con il secondo da 0.4 a 1.2 ind/km2. Confrontando questi risultati con la differenza tra i rapporti dei macronutrienti di ciascuna popolazione e il target, è emerso un trend negativo. Sebbene la dimensione del campione sia troppo piccola per ottenere risultati definitivi, concludiamo che, facendo alcune assunzioni, potrebbe esserci una relazione tra la fitness della volpe e il suo target intake. Come ampiamente riconosciuto, le abitudini alimentari della volpe rossa sono molto flessibili, rendendo tale specie in grado di adattarsi alla disponibilità di cibo locale e quindi colonizzare e sopravvivere in un'ampia varietà di habitat. Tuttavia, questa capacità potrebbe non essere esente dai costi di fitness.
Ecologia della nutrizione della volpe (Vulpes vulpes) in ambienti alpini
GIGLIOTTI, SOFIA
2021/2022
Abstract
Nutritional ecology, the discipline that investigates how the environment affects the dietary requirements, foraging habits, and nutrient uptake of organisms, has gained significant interest in the last decades. Several studies have been conducted in captivity, particularly on invertebrates but data on wild animals are still negligible, especially for mammals. Actually, a few studies have been published in the last decades, but no research has been carried out on foxes, although they are widespread and largely studied. This study aimed to offer a complete framework of the nutritional ecology of the fox by estimating the species’ macronutrient intake target and its macronutrient ratios in Alpine areas and investigating the relationship between the diet of the fox and its fitness, using density as a surrogate. By analysing available literature data, we were able to show that, despite its well-known generalist food habits, foxes tend to consume as much protein as typical carnivores, with an intake target of 52.3% protein, 38.7% lipid and 8.9% carbohydrate energy. Sampling faeces from March 2021 to March 2022 in five areas of the western Italian Alps (i.e., the upper valleys of the rivers Nomenon, Saint-Barthélemy, Chalamy, Elvo and Cervo), we investigated fox diet through the analysis of undigested remains, with the aim of assessing both the relative importance of food resources and macronutrient ratios of the different areas. In Alpine areas foxes ate less fruit than expected, small rodents (mice and voles) and ungulate carrions forming the bulk of their diet. As a consequence, the amount of protein energy ranged between 46.6% and 68.3%. In Saint Barthélemy valley, the annual macronutrient ratio was the closest to the target. Density was assessed through a non-invasive, faecal DNA-based genetic census, based on the analysis of fresh samples collected during autumn-winter. Genotyping success, through the amplification and sequencing of 20 microsatellite loci, was rather high (52.8%) and allowed to record the occurrence of a total of 47 different individuals. Density was assessed by using either CAPWIRE estimators or the minimum population size (number of genotyped individuals), ranging between 0.7 and 2.3 ind/km2 with the first method and from 0.4 to 1.2 ind/km2 by the second method. Comparing these results to the deviation of each population’s macronutrient ratios from the target intake, we recorded that density decreases as the deviation increases. Although sample size is too small to get definitive results, we conclude that, making some assumptions, there may be a relationship between fox fitness and the intake target of the fox. As widely recognised, the food habits of the red fox are very flexible, making foxes able to adapt to local food availability and hence colonise and survive in a wide variety of habitats. However, this capacity may be not exempt from fitness costs.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/15130