The fight against antibiotic resistance is one of the main challenges of the 21st century. Hospital activities of antimicrobial stewardship are crucial for antibiotic therapies against multi-drug resistant bacteria (MDRO). A retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted at the Monzino Cardiological Centre (CCM) between 2018 and 2021 in order to evaluate the profile of resistance and sensitivity of multiresistant microorganisms through the trend of MIC expressed in antibiograms. MICs of antibiotic-microorganism combinations were subsequently evaluated against the epidemiological cut-off ECOFF. The second endpoint of this thesis consists in the analysis of the consumption of antibiotics distributed by the Hospital Pharmacy to the departments in the same time frame, according to the AWaRe classification. The retrospective analysis was conducted on 167 subjects older than 18 years. Most patients are male (65.27%, n=109) aged 56-75 (50.9% of the sample, n=85). Most subjects tested positive for Gram negative bacteria throughout the period (55.56% n= 30 in 2019, 65.85% n= 27 in 2020, 68% n = 34 in 2021), except for 2018 where a prevalence of Gram positive (55.41%, n = 41) was detected. The most common bacterial species were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Pneumoniae, among the Gram negative and Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, among the Gram positive. Consumption analysis has shown that Watch and Reserve antibiotics are used in excess of the World Health Organization (WHO) benchmark. Among Watch antibiotics, there was a significant increase in consumption of meropenem (+32.59%) and piperacillin + tazobactam (+52.80%). MICs of these are increasing, as in the case of Klebsiella Pneumoniae, so the MIC value of meropenem exceeds the ECOFF with a frequency of 99.9%. Between the Reserve drugs an increment pairs to +86.32% of the consumption of daptomycin and +81.87% of linezolid is calculated. The Staphylococci family expressed MIC values for the antibiotic linezolid equal to ECOFF with a frequency of 5.38%. Daptomycin MIC is equal to ECOFF for 17.2% of isolates, while in 2.15% of antibiograms MIC is higher than ECOFF. Daptomycin was the only drug tested for Gram positive bacteria whose MIC, analyzed for the same species of microorganism, isolated from the same patient, in the same body seat, at different times, it has increased over time thus confirming that the antibiotic pressure has determined the evolution of the bacterium from wild type to the resistant. From this work it emerged that it would be appropriate for clinicians to consult antibiograms, and evaluate the ECOFF parameter and AWaRe classification. The project will be continued in the future in order to monitor the evolution of resistance profiles of MDRO and the evolution of antibiotic consumption and to assess prescriptive appropriateness through the analysis of the clinical outcome of treatment effectiveness.
La lotta contro l’antibiotico resistenza è una delle principali sfide del ventunesimo secolo. Le attività ospedaliere di antimicrobial stewardship risultano fondamentali affinché le terapie antibiotiche contro i batteri multi resistenti (Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms,MDRO) siano appropriate. È stata condotta un’analisi descrittiva retrospettiva di un campione di soggetti degenti presso il Centro Cardiologico Monzino (CCM) tra il 2018 e il 2021 e sottoposti ad esame colturale al fine di valutare il profilo di resistenza e di sensibilità dei microrganismi multiresistenti mediante l’andamento delle MIC espresse negli antibiogrammi. Le MIC di alcune combinazioni antibiotico-microrganismo sono state successivamente valutate rispetto al cut-off epidemiologico ECOFF. Il secondo endpoint della presente Tesi consiste nell’analisi, secondo la classificazione AwaRe, dei consumi di antibiotici distribuiti dalla Farmacia Ospedaliera ai reparti nel medesimo arco temporale. L’analisi retrospettiva è stata condotta su 167 soggetti di età maggiore di 18 anni. La maggior parte dei pazienti è di genere maschile (65,27%, n=109) con età compresa tra i 56 e i 75 anni (50,9% del campione, n=85). La maggior parte dei soggetti è risultata positiva ai batteri Gram negativi in tutto il periodo (55,56% n= 30 nel 2019, 65,85% n= 27 nel 2020, 68% n=34 nel 2021), ad eccezione del 2018 in cui è stata rilevata una prevalenza di Gram positivi (55,41%, n=41). Le specie batteriche più diffuse sono state Escherichia coli e Klebsiella Pneumoniae tra i Gram negativi e Staphylococcus epidermidis e Staphylococcus aureus tra i Gram positivi. Dall’analisi dei consumi è emerso che gli antibiotici Watch e Reserve sono utilizzati in eccesso rispetto al benchmark dell’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità (OMS). Tra gli antibiotici Watch è stato registrato un incremento importante dei consumi di meropenem (+32,59%) e piperacillina+tazobactam (+52,80%). Le MIC di questi sono in aumento, come nel caso di Klebsiella Pneumoniae, per cui il valore di MIC del meropenem supera l’ECOFF con una frequenza del 99,9%. Tra i farmaci Reserve è stato calcolato un incremento pari al +86,32% dei consumi di daptomicina e del +81,87% di linezolid. La famiglia degli Staphylococci ha espresso valori MIC per l’antibiotico linezolid pari all’ECOFF con una frequenza del 5,38%. La MIC della daptomicina risulta pari all’ECOFF per il 17,2% degli isolati, mentre nel 2,15% degli antibiogrammi la MIC è superiore all’ECOFF. Il farmaco è stato l’unico principio attivo testato per i batteri Gram positivi la cui MIC, analizzata per la stessa specie di microrganismo, isolata da uno stesso paziente, nella stessa sede corporea, in tempi diversi, è aumentata nel tempo confermando quindi che la pressione dell’antibiotico ha determinato l’evoluzione del batterio dallo stato selvatico al genotipo resistente. Dal presente lavoro è emerso che prima di selezionare una terapia antibiotica sarebbe opportuno da parte dei clinici consultare gli antibiogrammi, e valutare il parametro ECOFF e la classificazione AWaRe. Il progetto sarà continuato in futuro al fine di monitorare l’evoluzione dei profili di resistenza degli MDRO e l’andamento dei consumi antibiotici e di valutare l’appropriatezza prescrittiva mediante l’analisi dell’outcome clinico di efficacia del trattamento.
Antibiotico resistenza: analisi retrospettiva degli antibiogrammi, profili di resistenza e farmaco-utilizzazione presso il Centro Cardiologico Monzino
CELLA, MARTINA
2021/2022
Abstract
The fight against antibiotic resistance is one of the main challenges of the 21st century. Hospital activities of antimicrobial stewardship are crucial for antibiotic therapies against multi-drug resistant bacteria (MDRO). A retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted at the Monzino Cardiological Centre (CCM) between 2018 and 2021 in order to evaluate the profile of resistance and sensitivity of multiresistant microorganisms through the trend of MIC expressed in antibiograms. MICs of antibiotic-microorganism combinations were subsequently evaluated against the epidemiological cut-off ECOFF. The second endpoint of this thesis consists in the analysis of the consumption of antibiotics distributed by the Hospital Pharmacy to the departments in the same time frame, according to the AWaRe classification. The retrospective analysis was conducted on 167 subjects older than 18 years. Most patients are male (65.27%, n=109) aged 56-75 (50.9% of the sample, n=85). Most subjects tested positive for Gram negative bacteria throughout the period (55.56% n= 30 in 2019, 65.85% n= 27 in 2020, 68% n = 34 in 2021), except for 2018 where a prevalence of Gram positive (55.41%, n = 41) was detected. The most common bacterial species were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Pneumoniae, among the Gram negative and Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, among the Gram positive. Consumption analysis has shown that Watch and Reserve antibiotics are used in excess of the World Health Organization (WHO) benchmark. Among Watch antibiotics, there was a significant increase in consumption of meropenem (+32.59%) and piperacillin + tazobactam (+52.80%). MICs of these are increasing, as in the case of Klebsiella Pneumoniae, so the MIC value of meropenem exceeds the ECOFF with a frequency of 99.9%. Between the Reserve drugs an increment pairs to +86.32% of the consumption of daptomycin and +81.87% of linezolid is calculated. The Staphylococci family expressed MIC values for the antibiotic linezolid equal to ECOFF with a frequency of 5.38%. Daptomycin MIC is equal to ECOFF for 17.2% of isolates, while in 2.15% of antibiograms MIC is higher than ECOFF. Daptomycin was the only drug tested for Gram positive bacteria whose MIC, analyzed for the same species of microorganism, isolated from the same patient, in the same body seat, at different times, it has increased over time thus confirming that the antibiotic pressure has determined the evolution of the bacterium from wild type to the resistant. From this work it emerged that it would be appropriate for clinicians to consult antibiograms, and evaluate the ECOFF parameter and AWaRe classification. The project will be continued in the future in order to monitor the evolution of resistance profiles of MDRO and the evolution of antibiotic consumption and to assess prescriptive appropriateness through the analysis of the clinical outcome of treatment effectiveness.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/15305