The pulp and paper industry has always been one of the most resource and energy-intensive sectors. Paper mill process effluents can contain lots of pollutants, both organic and inorganic, such as lignocellulosic fibers and other wood derivatives, color, suspended solids (SST), BOD, COD and toxic micropollutants such as absorbable organic halogens (AOX), acid resins and fatty acids. These pollutants can be difficult to break down if conventional treatment technologies are used, such as the activated sludge process, which, however, remains the most widely used technique by paper mills for effluent treatment. In view of an increasingly strict environmental policy, which the European Union has been adopting in recent years, researchers and industries are promoting various strategies aimed at reducing the most problematic pollutants. Among the different solutions, oxidation with ozone and the use of advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are those that have produced the best results in terms of reduction of color, lignin and AOX. The aim of this work is to verify the functionality of a biological treatment plant that treats paper mill effluents with the aim of identifying any critical issues or limitations. The study was divided into two main steps: the collection and analysis of management data, measured on site by the monitoring system of the same plant, and the carrying out of an experimental campaign with the execution of functionality checks. In this way it was possible to carry out a more complete investigation and to have sufficient information to detect any problems. On site, oxygen mapping was carried out in the aerobic process reactors in order to evaluate the concentration and distribution of dissolved oxygen within the aerated mixture, a fundamental parameter for the correct functioning of the process. In the experimental campaign, several respirometric tests were also carried out, both single and continuous, to evaluate the oxygen consumption by aerobic biomass in endogenous and exogenous conditions. Sedimentability tests were also carried out in order to assess whether the final settler was operating adequately in compliance with the design criteria or was instead in overload conditions. Finally, foaming tests were carried out with the aim of verifying the possible presence of a problem related to the formation of foams.
L’industria cartaria è da sempre stata uno dei settori più dispendiosi in termini di risorse ed energia. Negli effluenti di processo delle cartiere possono essere contenuti numerosi inquinanti, sia organici che inorganici, come fibre lignocellulosiche e altri derivati del legno, colore, solidi sospesi (SST), BOD, COD e microinquinanti tossici come alogeni organici assorbibili (AOX), resine acide e acidi grassi. Questi inquinanti possono risultare difficili da abbattere se si utilizzano tecnologie di trattamento convenzionali, come ad esempio il processo a fanghi attivi che, tuttavia, rimane ad oggi la tecnica più utilizzata dalle cartiere per il trattamento degli effluenti. In vista di una politica ambientale sempre più rigida, che l’Unione Europea sta adottando in questi ultimi anni, i ricercatori e le industrie stanno promuovendo diverse strategie mirate all’abbattimento degli inquinanti più problematici. Tra le diverse soluzioni, l’ossidazione con ozono e l’utilizzo di processi di ossidazione avanzata (AOP) sono quelle che hanno prodotto i risultati migliori in termini di abbattimento del colore, della lignina e degli AOX. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è verificare la funzionalità di un impianto di trattamento biologico che tratta effluenti di cartiera con lo scopo di individuare eventuali criticità o limitazioni. Lo studio è stato articolato in due fasi principali: la raccolta e l’analisi dei dati gestionali, misurati in sito dal sistema di monitoraggio dello stesso impianto, e lo svolgimento di una campagna sperimentale con l’effettuazione di verifiche di funzionalità. In questo modo è stato possibile svolgere un’indagine più completa e avere sufficienti informazioni per il rilevamento di eventuali problematiche. In sito è stata svolta una mappatura dell’ossigeno nei reattori del processo aerobico al fine di valutare la concentrazione e la distribuzione dell’ossigeno disciolto all’interno della miscela aerata, parametro fondamentale per il corretto funzionamento del processo. Nella campagna sperimentale sono state inoltre effettuate diverse prove respirometriche, sia a tratto singolo che in continuo, per valutare il consumo di ossigeno da parte della biomassa aerobica in condizioni endogene ed esogene. Sono stati inoltre eseguiti test di sedimentabilità, al fine di valutare se il sedimentatore finale operasse adeguatamente rispettando i criteri di progetto o fosse invece in condizioni di sovraccarico. Infine, sono state svolte prove di schiumeggiamento con lo scopo di verificare l’eventuale presenza di un problema legato alla formazione delle schiume.
Valutazione della funzionalità di un impianto che tratta effluenti di cartiera
IACUITTI, DAVIDE
2021/2022
Abstract
The pulp and paper industry has always been one of the most resource and energy-intensive sectors. Paper mill process effluents can contain lots of pollutants, both organic and inorganic, such as lignocellulosic fibers and other wood derivatives, color, suspended solids (SST), BOD, COD and toxic micropollutants such as absorbable organic halogens (AOX), acid resins and fatty acids. These pollutants can be difficult to break down if conventional treatment technologies are used, such as the activated sludge process, which, however, remains the most widely used technique by paper mills for effluent treatment. In view of an increasingly strict environmental policy, which the European Union has been adopting in recent years, researchers and industries are promoting various strategies aimed at reducing the most problematic pollutants. Among the different solutions, oxidation with ozone and the use of advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are those that have produced the best results in terms of reduction of color, lignin and AOX. The aim of this work is to verify the functionality of a biological treatment plant that treats paper mill effluents with the aim of identifying any critical issues or limitations. The study was divided into two main steps: the collection and analysis of management data, measured on site by the monitoring system of the same plant, and the carrying out of an experimental campaign with the execution of functionality checks. In this way it was possible to carry out a more complete investigation and to have sufficient information to detect any problems. On site, oxygen mapping was carried out in the aerobic process reactors in order to evaluate the concentration and distribution of dissolved oxygen within the aerated mixture, a fundamental parameter for the correct functioning of the process. In the experimental campaign, several respirometric tests were also carried out, both single and continuous, to evaluate the oxygen consumption by aerobic biomass in endogenous and exogenous conditions. Sedimentability tests were also carried out in order to assess whether the final settler was operating adequately in compliance with the design criteria or was instead in overload conditions. Finally, foaming tests were carried out with the aim of verifying the possible presence of a problem related to the formation of foams.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
Per maggiori informazioni e per verifiche sull'eventuale disponibilità del file scrivere a: unitesi@unipv.it.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/15431