Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. It is the primary cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults, and it is characterized by focal demyelinations disseminated in the white matter of the CNS. According to published data from the third edition of the Atlas of MS, which is the largest global survey on the disease, the estimated number of people with MS worldwide is 2.8 million and in Italy MS affects about 133,000 people. The pathogenetic mechanisms are not yet fully clear, but it is currently believed that the disease occurs in genetically predisposed individuals. Genetic, environmental and immunological factors are involved in the generation and maintenance of an aberrant autoimmune response. The International Panel on Diagnosis of MS proposed a new version of McDonald's diagnostic criteria in 2017, following the previous revision in 2010; it is based on three crucial factors: spatial dissemination (DIS), temporal dissemination (DIT) of demyelinating lesions and the exclusion of any other possible and better explanation for the symptomatology. New features of the 2017 revision include the examination of the CSF, in particular the detection of IgG oligoclonal bands (OCBs) in the CSF of patients, which can if positive replace the demonstration of temporal dissemination (DIT) in specific instances. In addition to this important diagnostic biomarker, there are many others that have implications in MS. Oligoclonal IgM bands have been suggested as a prognostic biomarker in MS patients, although the detection of OCB IgM bands presents technical difficulties that limit their use in clinical practice. IgM, produced by a subpopulation of B1-a CD19+ CD5+ lymphocytes, are present in 20-45% of patients with clinically defined MS. The main objective of this study was to optimise a reliable laboratory method for the determination of IgM OCBs, by isoelectric focusing, based on data from the literature, mainly from the work conducted by Villar and colleagues in 2001, obtaining preliminary results through the comparative analysis of a cohort of MS patients and a control group consisting of patients with inflammatory CNS diseases (OND). As a secondary objective, we aimed to understand whether CSF IgM OCBs bands could be markers of severe disease in MS, with prognostic significance, and, if so, the test could enter in routine practice. In literature, unique-to-CSF-IgM OCBs are associated with an aggressive course of the disease, although conflicting results regarding prognosis are reported. Currently, despite representing a promising prognostic biomarker and disease activity, the determination of IgM bands has not been included in clinical practice.
La sclerosi multipla (SM) è una malattia cronica, infiammatoria, demielinizzante e neurodegenerativa del sistema nervoso centrale. È la causa principale di disabilità non traumatica nei giovani adulti ed è caratterizzata da demielinizzazioni focali disseminate nella sostanza bianca del SNC. Secondo i dati pubblicati dalla terza edizione dell'Atlante della SM, che è la più grande indagine globale sulla malattia, il numero stimato di persone con SM nel mondo è di 2,8 milioni e in Italia la SM colpisce circa 133.000 persone. I meccanismi patogenetici non sono ancora del tutto chiari, ma attualmente si ritiene che la malattia si manifesti in individui geneticamente predisposti. Fattori genetici, ambientali e immunologici sono coinvolti nella generazione e nel mantenimento di una risposta autoimmune aberrante. L’International Panel on Diagnosis of MS ha proposto nel 2017 una nuova versione dei criteri diagnostici di McDonald, dopo la precedente rivisitazione del 2010; essa si basa su tre fattori cruciali: disseminazione spaziale (DIS), temporale (DIT) delle lesioni demielinizzanti e l’esclusione di ogni altra possibile e migliore spiegazione della sintomatologia. Le novità della revisione del 2017 includono l'esame del liquor, in particolare il rilevamento di bande oligoclonali IgG (OCB) nel liquor dei pazienti, che, se positivo, può sostituire la dimostrazione della disseminazione temporale (DIT) in casi specifici. Oltre a questo importante biomarcatore diagnostico, ve ne sono molti altri che hanno implicazioni nella SM. Le bande oligoclonali IgM sono state suggerite come biomarcatore prognostico nei pazienti con SM, sebbene la rilevazione delle bande di IgM OCB presenti difficoltà tecniche che ne limitano l'uso nella pratica clinica. Le IgM, prodotte da una sottopopolazione di linfociti B1-a CD19+ CD5+, sono presenti nel 20-45% dei pazienti con SM clinicamente definita. L'obiettivo principale di questo studio è stato quello di ottimizzare un metodo di laboratorio affidabile per la determinazione delle IgM OCB, mediante focalizzazione isoelettrica, partendo da dati presenti in letteratura, principalmente dal lavoro condotto da Villar e colleghi nel 2001, ottenendo risultati preliminari attraverso l'analisi comparativa di una coorte di pazienti con SM e di un gruppo di controllo costituito da pazienti con altre malattie infiammatorie del SNC (OND). Come obiettivo secondario, ci siamo proposti di capire se le bande IgM OCBs del liquor potessero essere dei marcatori di severità di malattia nella SM, con un significato prognostico, e, in caso affermativo, se il test potesse entrare nella pratica di routine. In letteratura, le IgM OCBs sono associate a un decorso aggressivo della malattia, anche se sono stati riportati risultati contrastanti per quanto riguarda la prognosi. Attualmente, nonostante rappresenti un promettente biomarcatore prognostico e di attività della malattia, la determinazione delle bande IgM non è stata inclusa nella pratica clinica.
Ottimizzazione di un protocollo di laboratorio per lo studio di bande oligoclonali IgM come marcatore prognostico nel siero e nel liquor di pazienti con sclerosi multipla e altre patologie infiammatorie neurologiche.
CINÀ, GIULIA ANGELA
2021/2022
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. It is the primary cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults, and it is characterized by focal demyelinations disseminated in the white matter of the CNS. According to published data from the third edition of the Atlas of MS, which is the largest global survey on the disease, the estimated number of people with MS worldwide is 2.8 million and in Italy MS affects about 133,000 people. The pathogenetic mechanisms are not yet fully clear, but it is currently believed that the disease occurs in genetically predisposed individuals. Genetic, environmental and immunological factors are involved in the generation and maintenance of an aberrant autoimmune response. The International Panel on Diagnosis of MS proposed a new version of McDonald's diagnostic criteria in 2017, following the previous revision in 2010; it is based on three crucial factors: spatial dissemination (DIS), temporal dissemination (DIT) of demyelinating lesions and the exclusion of any other possible and better explanation for the symptomatology. New features of the 2017 revision include the examination of the CSF, in particular the detection of IgG oligoclonal bands (OCBs) in the CSF of patients, which can if positive replace the demonstration of temporal dissemination (DIT) in specific instances. In addition to this important diagnostic biomarker, there are many others that have implications in MS. Oligoclonal IgM bands have been suggested as a prognostic biomarker in MS patients, although the detection of OCB IgM bands presents technical difficulties that limit their use in clinical practice. IgM, produced by a subpopulation of B1-a CD19+ CD5+ lymphocytes, are present in 20-45% of patients with clinically defined MS. The main objective of this study was to optimise a reliable laboratory method for the determination of IgM OCBs, by isoelectric focusing, based on data from the literature, mainly from the work conducted by Villar and colleagues in 2001, obtaining preliminary results through the comparative analysis of a cohort of MS patients and a control group consisting of patients with inflammatory CNS diseases (OND). As a secondary objective, we aimed to understand whether CSF IgM OCBs bands could be markers of severe disease in MS, with prognostic significance, and, if so, the test could enter in routine practice. In literature, unique-to-CSF-IgM OCBs are associated with an aggressive course of the disease, although conflicting results regarding prognosis are reported. Currently, despite representing a promising prognostic biomarker and disease activity, the determination of IgM bands has not been included in clinical practice.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/15547