Amyloids are insoluble peptide and protein associations formed by a nucleation-elongation pathway with fibrillar morphology and a β-sheet-rich structure. These aggregates of misfolded proteins in cross-β are linked to many diseases called amyloidosis. The process of protein folding is a vital cellular process; proteins and peptides must be correctly folded to execute unerringly the cellular function they have been designed for. Conformational diseases are all diseases where cellular functions are compromised because of misfolded proteins, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is a complex neurodegenerative dementia localized in the brain. Synaptic alterations, neuronal death, brain inflammation, the formation of extracellular neurotoxic amyloid plaques of amyloid-β peptide, intraneuronal aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau, and neuronal death are all common abnormalities observed in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients’ brains. Despite the development of many animal and in vitro models for AD, there is a lack of an experimental approach that fully recapitulates essential aspects of the disease in human cells. 78 Nowadays, a handful of novel therapeutic approaches are being investigated, being that only five treatment options are currently approved to treat Alzheimer’s, but none of them is a truly disease-modifying intervention. The Aβ peptides that are truly implicated in AD are Aβ (1-40) and Aβ (1-42), mostly the latter, but in this thesis, a peptide of shorter sequence, the Aβ amyloid peptide 12-28, is used because it is cheaper, simpler to use, and retains the same aggregation properties as Aβ (1-40) and Aβ (1-42). In this report, many experiments are carried out to find the ideal conditions under which the aggregation of Aβ (12- 28) peptide is faster, to see if histidine-containing peptides can inhibit the formation of copper-Aβ(12-28) complexes, and to test different lipid membrane compositions and see if they can affect the kinetics and the conditions of Aβ (12-28) aggregation.
Gli amiloidi sono raggruppamenti insolubili di peptidi e proteine formati da un percorso di nucleazione-allungamento che mostra una morfologia fibrillare e una struttura ricca di fogli beta (β). Questi aggregati di proteine mal ripiegate nel cross-β sono collegati a molte malattie chiamate amiloidosi. La procedura di ripiegamento delle proteine è un processo cellulare vitale; proteine e peptidi devono essere correttamente ripiegati per svolgere infallibilmente la funzione cellulare per cui sono stati progettati. Le malattie conformazionali sono tutte quelle malattie in cui le funzioni cellulari sono compromesse a causa di proteine mal ripiegate, come la malattia di Alzheimer (AD), che è una demenza neurodegenerativa complessa, molto conosciuta, localizzata nel cervello. Le anomalie tipiche osservate nel cervello dei pazienti con malattia di Alzheimer (AD) includono alterazioni sinaptiche, morte neuronale, infiammazione cerebrale e formazione di placche amiloidi neurotossiche extracellulari del peptide beta-amiloide, aggregazione intraneuronale di tau iperfosforilata e morte neuronale. Nonostante lo sviluppo di molti modelli animali e in vitro per l'AD, manca un approccio sperimentale che ricapitoli pienamente gli aspetti essenziali della malattia nelle cellule umane. Al giorno d'oggi, si stanno studiando una manciata di nuovi approcci terapeutici, poiché solo cinque opzioni terapeutiche sono attualmente approvate per il trattamento dell'Alzheimer, ma nessuna di esse è un vero intervento modificante la malattia. I peptidi Aβ realmente implicati nell'AD sono Aβ (1-40) e Aβ (1-42), principalmente quest'ultimo, ma in questa tesi viene utilizzato un peptide di sequenza più breve, il peptide amiloide Aβ 12-28, perché più economico, più semplice da usare e mantiene le stesse proprietà di aggregazione di Aβ (1-40) e Aβ (1-42). In questo lavoro vengono condotti molti esperimenti per trovare le condizioni ideali in cui l'aggregazione del peptide Aβ (12-28) è più veloce, per vedere se i peptidi contenenti istidina possono inibire la formazione di complessi rame-Aβ (12-28) e per testare diverse composizioni della membrana lipidica e vedere se possono influenzare la cinetica e le condizioni di aggregazione di Aβ (12-28).
Studio dell'aggregazione peptidica del Aβ amiloide (12-28): un passo avanti nello svelare la malattia di Alzheimer
BAKIASI, EVI
2021/2022
Abstract
Amyloids are insoluble peptide and protein associations formed by a nucleation-elongation pathway with fibrillar morphology and a β-sheet-rich structure. These aggregates of misfolded proteins in cross-β are linked to many diseases called amyloidosis. The process of protein folding is a vital cellular process; proteins and peptides must be correctly folded to execute unerringly the cellular function they have been designed for. Conformational diseases are all diseases where cellular functions are compromised because of misfolded proteins, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is a complex neurodegenerative dementia localized in the brain. Synaptic alterations, neuronal death, brain inflammation, the formation of extracellular neurotoxic amyloid plaques of amyloid-β peptide, intraneuronal aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau, and neuronal death are all common abnormalities observed in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients’ brains. Despite the development of many animal and in vitro models for AD, there is a lack of an experimental approach that fully recapitulates essential aspects of the disease in human cells. 78 Nowadays, a handful of novel therapeutic approaches are being investigated, being that only five treatment options are currently approved to treat Alzheimer’s, but none of them is a truly disease-modifying intervention. The Aβ peptides that are truly implicated in AD are Aβ (1-40) and Aβ (1-42), mostly the latter, but in this thesis, a peptide of shorter sequence, the Aβ amyloid peptide 12-28, is used because it is cheaper, simpler to use, and retains the same aggregation properties as Aβ (1-40) and Aβ (1-42). In this report, many experiments are carried out to find the ideal conditions under which the aggregation of Aβ (12- 28) peptide is faster, to see if histidine-containing peptides can inhibit the formation of copper-Aβ(12-28) complexes, and to test different lipid membrane compositions and see if they can affect the kinetics and the conditions of Aβ (12-28) aggregation.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
Per maggiori informazioni e per verifiche sull'eventuale disponibilità del file scrivere a: unitesi@unipv.it.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/15771