BACKGROUND Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a rare genetic disorder that affects about 1 in 3000 live births worldwide, equally males and females. METHODS We analyzed retrospectively all clinical charts of NF1 patients from 1995 to 2022 from the outpatient pediatric neurology ambulatory of the IRCCS Fondazione San Matteo of Pavia. The inclusion criterium was a confirmed diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 1 based on the updated 2021 NF1 criteria, while exclusion criteria were incomplete charts with missing clinical data or patients with unconfirmed diagnosis. Eventually, we performed the chi-square test univariate analysis to determine if demographic, genetic and clinical data statistically correlated with the presence of PN. RESULTS 54 patients were enrolled (0,93 M/F) with a median age at diagnosis of 5 years and a half. Their median follow-up time was 8 years. 78% of patients had DNA analysis performed, at a median age of 9, and 91% resulted positive. The variants found were: 69% single-base substitutions, 18% microdeletions, 10% insertions, 3% duplications. The effects on neurofibromin were 40% nonsense, 18% missense, 13% frameshift, 13% splicing, 8% other functional alterations, 5% haploinsufficiency due to deletions involving multiple exons, 3% synonymous. 37% of our patients had inherited the syndrome and 6 families had more than one affected component followed in our ambulatory. The diagnostic features were café-au-lait macules (96%), patients freckling (68%), cutaneous or subcutaneous neurofibromas (30%), plexiform neurofibroma (26%), optic pathway glioma (26%), Lisch nodules (20%), distinctive osseous anomalies (5,6%). Frequent clinical manifestations were NBOs (69%), scoliosis (61%), minor CNS abnormalities (46%), facial dysmorphisms (33%), congenital heart defects (24%), macrocephaly (22%), flat feet (22%), motor delay (20%), speech delay (20%), precocious puberty (9%). We did not find an association between PNs and demographic data. We found a correlation between PNs and de novo mutations, as well as with microdeletions spanning across multiple exons or the entire gene. Clinical manifestations that statistically correlated with PNs were cutaneous and subcutaneous neurofibromas, NBOs, speech delay, distinctive bone lesions, macrocephaly and minor SNC anomalies on the MRI. Of the 14 patients with PN, 43% were in the head-neck, 64% in the trunk, 29% on the limbs. 9 were clinically relevant and 5 underwent surgical resection. One patient in our ambulatory, which presents spinal NF1 and an inoperable symptomatic shoulder PN, is currently in therapy with Selumetinib which had stabilized the tumor growth for 2 years. DISCUSSION We analyzed demographic, genetic and clinical data in our cohort of NF1 patients and we found that most results were comparable to the literature. Some of the statistically significant correlations we found between patients with PNs and genetic and clinical data have not been previously described in the literature. Our study limitation, as NF1 is a rare condition, is the small number of patients. Therefore, it could be helpful to build a large international registry to find stronger associations with the most severe manifestations of NF1 such as PN, in order to delineate clusters of NF1 patients with different clinical implications. CONCLUSION NF1 is a clinically heterogenous disorder that still poses many questions that research needs to answer. PN is a severe manifestation of NF1 and can seriously affect the patient’s quality of life, as well as threatening survival. Surgery is the mainstay treatment. For inoperable cases, MEK-inhibitor Selumetinib is a favorable option.
BACKGROUND La neurofibromatosi 1 è una rara sindrome genetica con un’incidenza di 1/3000 nati vivi di tutte le etnie, in entrambi i sessi. METODI Abbiamo svolto una analisi retrospettiva delle cartelle cliniche dei pazienti con diagnosi di NF1 dal 1995 a settembre 2022 nell’ambulatorio di neurologia pediatrica dell’IRCCS Fondazione San Matteo di Pavia. Il criterio di inclusione è stato la diagnosi di NF1 compatibile con i criteri aggiornati del 2021, mentre i criteri di esclusione sono stati la diagnosi non confermata e cartelle incomplete. Infine, abbiamo svolto l’analisi statistica univariata con Χ2 per evidenziare eventuali correlazioni con dati clinici genetici e demografici e la presenza di neurofibromi plessiformi. RISULTATI 54 pazienti sono stati reclutati (0,93 rapporto M/F), con età mediana alla diagnosi di 5 anni e mezzo. Il follow-up medio è stato 8 anni. 78% dei pazienti ha svolto l’analisi del DNA, a un’età mediana di 9 anni, e il 91% è risultato positivo. Le varianti trovate sono state: 69% sostituzione di una singola base, 18% microdelezioni, 10% inserzioni, 3% duplicazioni. Gli effetti sulla neurofibromina sono stati 40% nonsense, 18% missense, 13% frameshift, 13% alterazione dello splicing, 8% altre alterazioni funzionali, 5% aploinsufficienza a causa di microdelezioni di multipli esoni, 3% sinonime. 37% dei pazienti ha ereditato la sindrome e 6 famiglie hanno più di un membro affetto seguito nel nostro ambulatorio. I criteri di diagnosi sono stati le macchie caffelatte (96%), la lentigginosi ascellare o inguinale (68%), i neurofibromi cutanei o sottocutanei (30%), il neurofibroma plessiforme (26%), il glioma delle vie ottiche (26%), i noduli di Lisch (20%), anomalie ossee distintive (5,6%). Manifestazioni cliniche frequenti sono stati i NBO (69%), la scoliosi (61%), anomalie aspecifiche del SNC (46%), dismorfismi facciali (33%), difetti cardiaci congeniti (24%), macrocefalia (22%), piede piatto (22%), ritardo motorio (20%), ritardo del linguaggio (20%) e pubertà precoce (9%). Non abbiamo trovato correlazione tra PN e dati demografici, mentre è emersa la correlazione tra i PN e le mutazioni de novo e con le microdelezioni che coinvolgono più esoni o l’intero gene risultando in aploinsufficienza. Manifestazioni cliniche che correlano con NP sono i neurofibromi cutanei e sottocutanei, le lesioni ossee specifiche, macrocefalia, i NBO, il ritardo del linguaggio e le anomalie aspecifiche SNC alla risonanza magnetica. . Dei 14 pazienti con NP, 43% erano nella regione testa-collo, 64% nel tronco, 29% agli arti. 9 pazienti erano clinicamente rilevanti e 5 sono stati operati. Un paziente nel nostro ambulatorio, presentante NF1 spinale e un PN alla spalla inoperabile sintomatico, è attualmente in terapia con Selumetinib, il quale ha stabilizzato la crescita della massa per due anni. DISCUSSIONE Abbiamo analizzato dati demografici, genetici e clinici nella nostra coorte di pazienti NF1 e la maggior parte dei risultati trovati sono stati comparabili con quelli della letteratura. Alcune delle correlazioni statisticamente significative che abbiamo trovato non sono state descritte in passato. Il limite del nostro studio, considerando che la NF1 è una malattia rara, è il basso numero di pazienti. Di conseguenza, sarebbe utile costruire un ampio registro internazionale dei pazienti con neurofibromatosi, in particolare con PN, per trovare associazioni più forti con le manifestazioni più gravi, in modo da delineare sottogruppi di pazienti NF1 con diverse implicazioni cliniche. CONCLUSIONE La NF1 è una malattia eterogenea che mostra ancora delle incognite su cui fare ricerca. Il PN è una manifestazione grave della NF1 e può interferire sia con la qualità della vita, sia metterla a rischio. Il trattamento principale del PN è la chirurgia. Nei casi inoperabili, l’inibitore di MEK Selumetinib è un’opzione promettente.
La neurofibromatosi di tipo 1 in età pediatrica: studio retrospettivo di un centro singolo degli aspetti clinici e genetici con accento sul neurofibroma plessiforme.
VRINCEANU, ADELINA MIHAELA
2021/2022
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a rare genetic disorder that affects about 1 in 3000 live births worldwide, equally males and females. METHODS We analyzed retrospectively all clinical charts of NF1 patients from 1995 to 2022 from the outpatient pediatric neurology ambulatory of the IRCCS Fondazione San Matteo of Pavia. The inclusion criterium was a confirmed diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 1 based on the updated 2021 NF1 criteria, while exclusion criteria were incomplete charts with missing clinical data or patients with unconfirmed diagnosis. Eventually, we performed the chi-square test univariate analysis to determine if demographic, genetic and clinical data statistically correlated with the presence of PN. RESULTS 54 patients were enrolled (0,93 M/F) with a median age at diagnosis of 5 years and a half. Their median follow-up time was 8 years. 78% of patients had DNA analysis performed, at a median age of 9, and 91% resulted positive. The variants found were: 69% single-base substitutions, 18% microdeletions, 10% insertions, 3% duplications. The effects on neurofibromin were 40% nonsense, 18% missense, 13% frameshift, 13% splicing, 8% other functional alterations, 5% haploinsufficiency due to deletions involving multiple exons, 3% synonymous. 37% of our patients had inherited the syndrome and 6 families had more than one affected component followed in our ambulatory. The diagnostic features were café-au-lait macules (96%), patients freckling (68%), cutaneous or subcutaneous neurofibromas (30%), plexiform neurofibroma (26%), optic pathway glioma (26%), Lisch nodules (20%), distinctive osseous anomalies (5,6%). Frequent clinical manifestations were NBOs (69%), scoliosis (61%), minor CNS abnormalities (46%), facial dysmorphisms (33%), congenital heart defects (24%), macrocephaly (22%), flat feet (22%), motor delay (20%), speech delay (20%), precocious puberty (9%). We did not find an association between PNs and demographic data. We found a correlation between PNs and de novo mutations, as well as with microdeletions spanning across multiple exons or the entire gene. Clinical manifestations that statistically correlated with PNs were cutaneous and subcutaneous neurofibromas, NBOs, speech delay, distinctive bone lesions, macrocephaly and minor SNC anomalies on the MRI. Of the 14 patients with PN, 43% were in the head-neck, 64% in the trunk, 29% on the limbs. 9 were clinically relevant and 5 underwent surgical resection. One patient in our ambulatory, which presents spinal NF1 and an inoperable symptomatic shoulder PN, is currently in therapy with Selumetinib which had stabilized the tumor growth for 2 years. DISCUSSION We analyzed demographic, genetic and clinical data in our cohort of NF1 patients and we found that most results were comparable to the literature. Some of the statistically significant correlations we found between patients with PNs and genetic and clinical data have not been previously described in the literature. Our study limitation, as NF1 is a rare condition, is the small number of patients. Therefore, it could be helpful to build a large international registry to find stronger associations with the most severe manifestations of NF1 such as PN, in order to delineate clusters of NF1 patients with different clinical implications. CONCLUSION NF1 is a clinically heterogenous disorder that still poses many questions that research needs to answer. PN is a severe manifestation of NF1 and can seriously affect the patient’s quality of life, as well as threatening survival. Surgery is the mainstay treatment. For inoperable cases, MEK-inhibitor Selumetinib is a favorable option.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/16004