Introduction: Hypovision is a condition characterized by marked and permanent loss of visual function that limits an individual's autonomy. Among the consequences, there is a decrease in the amount of movement and quality of life. A significant limitation for visually impaired individuals in engaging in physical exercise is the difficulty in traveling from their residence to the training location. The use of a self-conducted audio-guided training method within one's own home could potentially reduce the impact of sedentary behavior in individuals who are unable to move independently. However, currently, there is a lack of scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of this approach compared to a traditional supervised training method. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of an exercise protocol delivered through audio guides, compared to the same supervised protocol, on functional capacities in a sample of visually impaired subjects. Methods: The study involved 16 sedentary visually impaired patients undergoing treatment at the Salvatore Maugeri Scientific Institute in Pavia. The participants were divided into two groups: audioguided (n=11) and supervised (n=5), and they underwent a resistance training protocol using two different methodologies. The audioguided group engaged in exercise by listening to specially created audio files at their own residences, while the supervised group trained under the guidance of a movement expert in a gym. Both groups completed 12 weeks of training, with a frequency of 2 sessions per week (total 24 sessions). Prior to the intervention and every 4 weeks until the end of the protocol, participants performed the following tests and questionnaires: Timed Up and Go - low vision version (TUG-LV), 1-minute Sit to Stand (1MSTS), Sit and Reach (SR), 3-minute Step Test (3MSTEP), International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF), National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire 25 (VFQ-25), Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI). The data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Non-parametric repeated measures statistical tests, such as Friedman Test, were employed for result analysis, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: At the conclusion of the study, improvements were observed in both groups across all evaluated fitness capacities, specifically flexibility, strength, and aerobic capacity. In the TUG-LV test, the audioguided group showed a ΔT3-T0 of -2.92 ± 3.49, while the supervised group showed -3.17 ± 3.60 (p<0.001). In the 1MSTS test, the Pre-Post intervention difference was 5.73 ± 4.00 for the audioguided group and 10.8 ± 5.36 for the supervised group (p<0.001), while in the SR test, the ΔT3-T0 values were 3.09 ± 5.72 and 5.40 ± 5.94 respectively for the audioguided and supervised groups (p=0.001). In the 3MSTEP test, ΔT3-T0 values of 16.8 ± 15.4 were recorded for the audioguided group and 31.8 ± 14.6 for the supervised group (p<0.001). Conclusion: It can be stated that both administration methods of the training protocol result in a significant improvement in motor components and overall well-being. The "audioguided" approach proves to be a valid alternative to the "supervised" delivery, making it advisable for individuals who are unable to access a gym facility. However, the latter remains the preferable mode in terms of absolute effectiveness.
Introduzione: l’ipovisione è una condizione di marcata e permanente perdita della funzione visiva che limita l’autonomia dell’individuo. Tra le conseguenze si riscontrano una diminuzione della quantità di movimento e della qualità di vita. Una limitazione molto importante alla pratica di esercizio fisico per queste persone ipovedenti è la difficoltà nello spostarsi, dal proprio domicilio al luogo di allenamento. L’utilizzo di una modalità di allenamento audioguidato da effettuare in autonomia nella propria abitazione potrebbe ridurre l’impatto della sedentarietà nelle persone impossibilitate a spostarsi autonomamente. Tuttavia, attualmente non i sono evidenze scientifiche circa l’efficacia di questa metodica, rispetto ad una modalità classica di allenamento supervisionato. Obiettivo: valutare l’efficacia di un protocollo di esercizio fisico erogato tramite audioguide, rispetto lo stesso protocollo supervisionato sulle capacità funzionali in un campione di soggetti ipovedenti. Metodi: lo studio ha coinvolto 16 pazienti sedentari ipovedenti, in cura presso l’Istituto Scientifico Salvatore Maugeri di Pavia. I partecipanti sono stati divisi in due gruppi: audioguidato (n=11) e supervisionato (n=5) e sono stati sottoposti ad un protocollo di resistance training, erogato secondo le due diverse metodologie: il gruppo audioguidato mediante l’ascolto di file audio, creati appositamente, presso il proprio domicilio, il gruppo supervisionato sotto la guida di un esperto del movimento in palestra. Entrambi i gruppi hanno svolto 12 settimane di allenamento, con una frequenza di 2 sedute settimanali (tot. 24 sedute). Prima dell’intervento ed ogni 4 settimane fino al termine del protocollo, i partecipanti hanno svolto i seguenti test e questionari: Timed Up and Go – low vision version (TUG-LV), 1-minute Sit to Stand (1MSTS), Sit and Reach (SR), 3-minute Step Test (3MSTEP), International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF), National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire 25 (VFQ-25), Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI). I dati sono riportati sotto forma di media ± deviazione standard (SD). Per l’analisi dei risultati sono stati eseguiti test statistici non parametrici a misure ripetute ANOVA (Friedman Test), ed è stato considerato un p < 0,05 come valore significativo. Risultati: al termine dello studio sono stati rilevati miglioramenti per entrambi i gruppi in tutte le capacità condizionali valutate, specificatamente flessibilità, capacità di forza e capacità aerobica. Nel TUG-LV il gruppo audioguidato ha fatto registrare un ΔT3-T0 di -2,92 ± 3,49, mentre quello supervisionato di -3,17 ± 3,60 (p<0,001). Nel 1MSTS la differenza Pre-Post intervento è stata di 5.73 ± 4.00 per il gruppo audioguidato e di 10.8 ± 5.36 per quello supervisionato (p<0,001), mentre nel SR i ΔT3-T0 sono stati di 3.09 ± 5.72 e di 5.40 ± 5.94 rispettivamente per il gruppo audioguidato e per quello supervisionato (p=0,001). Nel 3MSTEP sono stati registrati ΔT3-T0 di 16.8 ± 15.4 per il gruppo delle audioguide e di 31.8 ± 14.6 per il gruppo supervisionato (p<0,001). Conclusione: è possibile affermare che entrambe le modalità di somministrazione del protocollo di allenamento generano un miglioramento significativo nelle componenti motorie e nella sensazione di benessere. La modalità “audioguidata” risulta essere una valida alternativa all’erogazione “supervisionata”; perciò, consigliabile a tutte le persone che non hanno la possibilità di recarsi presso una palestra. Quest’ultima, tuttavia, rimane la modalità preferibile in termini di efficacia assoluta.
Efficacia di un protocollo di esercizio fisico erogato tramite audioguide o supervisionato sulle capacità funzionali in un campione di soggetti ipovedenti.
CORROCHER, GABRIELE
2022/2023
Abstract
Introduction: Hypovision is a condition characterized by marked and permanent loss of visual function that limits an individual's autonomy. Among the consequences, there is a decrease in the amount of movement and quality of life. A significant limitation for visually impaired individuals in engaging in physical exercise is the difficulty in traveling from their residence to the training location. The use of a self-conducted audio-guided training method within one's own home could potentially reduce the impact of sedentary behavior in individuals who are unable to move independently. However, currently, there is a lack of scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of this approach compared to a traditional supervised training method. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of an exercise protocol delivered through audio guides, compared to the same supervised protocol, on functional capacities in a sample of visually impaired subjects. Methods: The study involved 16 sedentary visually impaired patients undergoing treatment at the Salvatore Maugeri Scientific Institute in Pavia. The participants were divided into two groups: audioguided (n=11) and supervised (n=5), and they underwent a resistance training protocol using two different methodologies. The audioguided group engaged in exercise by listening to specially created audio files at their own residences, while the supervised group trained under the guidance of a movement expert in a gym. Both groups completed 12 weeks of training, with a frequency of 2 sessions per week (total 24 sessions). Prior to the intervention and every 4 weeks until the end of the protocol, participants performed the following tests and questionnaires: Timed Up and Go - low vision version (TUG-LV), 1-minute Sit to Stand (1MSTS), Sit and Reach (SR), 3-minute Step Test (3MSTEP), International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF), National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire 25 (VFQ-25), Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI). The data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Non-parametric repeated measures statistical tests, such as Friedman Test, were employed for result analysis, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: At the conclusion of the study, improvements were observed in both groups across all evaluated fitness capacities, specifically flexibility, strength, and aerobic capacity. In the TUG-LV test, the audioguided group showed a ΔT3-T0 of -2.92 ± 3.49, while the supervised group showed -3.17 ± 3.60 (p<0.001). In the 1MSTS test, the Pre-Post intervention difference was 5.73 ± 4.00 for the audioguided group and 10.8 ± 5.36 for the supervised group (p<0.001), while in the SR test, the ΔT3-T0 values were 3.09 ± 5.72 and 5.40 ± 5.94 respectively for the audioguided and supervised groups (p=0.001). In the 3MSTEP test, ΔT3-T0 values of 16.8 ± 15.4 were recorded for the audioguided group and 31.8 ± 14.6 for the supervised group (p<0.001). Conclusion: It can be stated that both administration methods of the training protocol result in a significant improvement in motor components and overall well-being. The "audioguided" approach proves to be a valid alternative to the "supervised" delivery, making it advisable for individuals who are unable to access a gym facility. However, the latter remains the preferable mode in terms of absolute effectiveness.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/16351