Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are an extremely heterogeneous group of diseases that primarily affect brain development. Some of these disorders include intellectual disabilities (ID), global developmental delay (GDD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and X-linked intellectual disability. These disorders originate during embryonic development and, therefore, afflict the early stages of a child's life, continuing into adulthood. Various factors, both genetic (mutations) and non-genetic (hypoxia during birth, infections during pregnancy, etc.), contribute to the development of these disorders. As of today, not all genes involved in the development of NDDs have been identified, especially in cases with genetic causes. Research is ongoing, and databases reporting mutations and variants are regularly updated. The diagnosis of NDDs is becoming more frequent, thanks in part to the implementation of genetic tests, which have become increasingly efficient. Despite this, many patients receive negative results, which can be attributed to factors such as outdated gene panels used to identify a variant or the variant not yet being identified. Reanalysis of negative data after months (usually more than a year) has proven helpful, as new genes and variants associated with their onset are increasingly identified. Genetic analysis is considered crucial for these pathologies, as it is a fundamental requirement for developing personalized medicine, which allows for tailored treatment based on the type of NDD associated with a particular variant. The recent advancements in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have significantly enhanced the efficiency of diagnostic analyses. This thesis aims to demonstrate the improvement of diagnostic yield of data reanalysis through Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders. In this study, 101 cases (55 males and 46 females) with previously negative results were reanalyzed using WES, and Sanger sequencing was performed to confirm identified variants. New variants were classified according to the guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) into categories: pathogenic (P), likely pathogenic (LP), variant of uncertain significance (VUS), likely benign (LB), and benign (B). The reanalysis identified 14 candidate variants, with 11 reclassified as LP and 3 as LB. This analysis demonstrated a 13.86% improvement in diagnostic efficiency. This study allowed us to give a definitive diagnosis to 13 patients possibly ending their diagnostic odyssey and leading to a substantial increase in genetic diagnoses.
I Disturbi del Neurosviluppo (NDD) sono un gruppo estremamente eterogeneo di malattie che colpiscono principalmente lo sviluppo del cervello. Alcuni di questi disturbi includono disabilità intellettive (ID), ritardo globale dello sviluppo (GDD), disturbo dello spettro autistico (ASD), disturbo da deficit di attenzione e iperattività (ADHD) e disabilità intellettiva legata al cromosoma X. Questi disturbi hanno origine durante lo sviluppo embrionale e, quindi, colpiscono le prime fasi della vita di un bambino, persistendo nell'età adulta. Diversi fattori, sia genetici (mutazioni) che non genetici (ipossia durante il parto, infezioni durante la gravidanza, ecc.), contribuiscono allo sviluppo di questi disturbi. Ad oggi, non tutti i geni coinvolti nello sviluppo dei NDD sono stati identificati, specialmente nei casi di cause genetiche. La ricerca è in corso, e i database che riportano mutazioni e varianti vengono regolarmente aggiornati. La diagnosi dei NDD sta diventando più frequente, grazie in parte all'implementazione di test genetici, che sono diventati sempre più efficienti. Nonostante ciò, molti pazienti ricevono risultati negativi, che possono essere attribuiti a fattori come l'uso di pannelli genetici obsoleti per identificare una variante o la variante non ancora identificata. La ri-analisi dei dati negativi dopo mesi (di solito più di un anno) si è dimostrata utile, poiché nuovi geni e varianti associati al loro insorgere vengono identificati sempre più frequentemente. L'analisi genetica è considerata cruciale per queste patologie, in quanto è un requisito fondamentale per lo sviluppo della medicina personalizzata, che consente un trattamento su misura in base al tipo di NDD associato a una particolare variante. I recenti progressi nel sequenziamento di nuova generazione (NGS) hanno notevolmente migliorato l'efficienza delle analisi diagnostiche. Questa tesi mira a dimostrare il miglioramento del rendimento diagnostico della rianalisi dei dati mediante il sequenziamento dell'intero esoma (WES) in pazienti con disturbi del neurosviluppo. In questo studio, 101 casi (55 maschi e 46 femmine) con risultati precedentemente negativi sono stati rianalizzati utilizzando il WES, e il sequenziamento di Sanger è stato eseguito per confermare le varianti identificate. Le nuove varianti sono state classificate secondo le linee guida dell'American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) in categorie: pathogenic (P), likely pathogenic (LP), variant of uncertain significance (VUS), likely benign (LB), and benign (B). La rianalisi ha identificato 14 varianti candidate, di cui 11 riclassificate come LP e 3 come LB. Questa analisi ha dimostrato un miglioramento dell'efficienza diagnostica del 13,86%. Questo studio ci ha permesso di fornire una diagnosi definitiva a 13 pazienti, mettendo potenzialmente fine alla loro odissea diagnostica e portando a un aumento sostanziale delle diagnosi genetiche.
Reanalysis of negative whole exome sequencing data increases diagnostic yield in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders
FORMICONI, ELISA
2022/2023
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are an extremely heterogeneous group of diseases that primarily affect brain development. Some of these disorders include intellectual disabilities (ID), global developmental delay (GDD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and X-linked intellectual disability. These disorders originate during embryonic development and, therefore, afflict the early stages of a child's life, continuing into adulthood. Various factors, both genetic (mutations) and non-genetic (hypoxia during birth, infections during pregnancy, etc.), contribute to the development of these disorders. As of today, not all genes involved in the development of NDDs have been identified, especially in cases with genetic causes. Research is ongoing, and databases reporting mutations and variants are regularly updated. The diagnosis of NDDs is becoming more frequent, thanks in part to the implementation of genetic tests, which have become increasingly efficient. Despite this, many patients receive negative results, which can be attributed to factors such as outdated gene panels used to identify a variant or the variant not yet being identified. Reanalysis of negative data after months (usually more than a year) has proven helpful, as new genes and variants associated with their onset are increasingly identified. Genetic analysis is considered crucial for these pathologies, as it is a fundamental requirement for developing personalized medicine, which allows for tailored treatment based on the type of NDD associated with a particular variant. The recent advancements in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have significantly enhanced the efficiency of diagnostic analyses. This thesis aims to demonstrate the improvement of diagnostic yield of data reanalysis through Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders. In this study, 101 cases (55 males and 46 females) with previously negative results were reanalyzed using WES, and Sanger sequencing was performed to confirm identified variants. New variants were classified according to the guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) into categories: pathogenic (P), likely pathogenic (LP), variant of uncertain significance (VUS), likely benign (LB), and benign (B). The reanalysis identified 14 candidate variants, with 11 reclassified as LP and 3 as LB. This analysis demonstrated a 13.86% improvement in diagnostic efficiency. This study allowed us to give a definitive diagnosis to 13 patients possibly ending their diagnostic odyssey and leading to a substantial increase in genetic diagnoses.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
Per maggiori informazioni e per verifiche sull'eventuale disponibilità del file scrivere a: unitesi@unipv.it.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/16679