Autoimmune diseases are a heterogeneous group of pathologies derived from an abnormal activity of the immune system, that is not able to distinguish between “self” antigens and “non-self” antigens, leading to a production of autoantibodies against antigens of the organism itself. In the context of autoimmune diseases, the association between the failure of the activity of the immune-competent system and its dysregulation on multiple pathways correlates with the onset of chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. IMIDs are characterized by an altered equilibrium between anti-inflammatory cytokinins, which inhibit inflammatory processes and favor the tissue repairing mechanisms, and pro-inflammatory cytokinins, especially TNF-α, which sustain inflammation and tissue damage. TNF-α is a potent mediator of inflammation, it is secreted by several different cell types even in homeostasis conditions. On the contrary, its hyperproduction could be involved in the onset and maintenance of inflammation, therefore it could play a role in the pathogenesis of IMIDs. Its identification as a a therapeutic target has been fundamental for the treatment of IMIDs, however the safety and efficacy of the therapy could be compromised by the occurrence of side effects and the immunogenicity of administered drugs, that could lead to a failure of the treatment. In this context, the recent introduction of a therapeutic monitoring, the possibility to determine the amount of drug and anti-drug antibodies in patients’ sera, represents a fundamental approach to limit as much as possible the occurrence of side effects and immunogenicity events, but also to identify the most appropriate therapeutic strategy, according to the characteristics of the specific treated patient, improving his/her response to the treatment.
Le malattie autoimmuni costituiscono un gruppo eterogeneo di patologie la cui patogenesi implica un’attività anomala del sistema immunitario che, a causa dell’incapacità di discriminare gli antigeni “self” da quelli “non-self”, porta alla produzione di autoanticorpi diretti contro gli antigeni dell’organismo stesso. Nell’ambito delle malattie autoimmuni, l’associazione tra il fallimento dell’attività del sistema immuno-competente e la sua disregolazione su più pathways correla con l’insorgenza di malattie infiammatorie croniche immuno-mediate (IMIDs), come artrite reumatoide, artrite psoriasi, psoriasi, spondilite anchilosante, morbo di Crohn e colite ulcerosa. Le IMIDs sono caratterizzate da un alterato equilibrio tra le citochine anti-infiammatorie, che contrastano l’infiammazione favorendo la riparazione tissutale, e le citochine pro-infiammatorie, specialmente TNF-α, che al contrario sostengono la flogosi ed il danno tissutale. Il TNF-α è un potente mediatore dell’infiammazione secreto da molti tipi cellulari, anche in condizioni normali. L’eccessivo rilascio di TNF-α, tuttavia, può essere coinvolto nell’insorgenza e nel mantenimento dell’infiammazione e, quindi, nella patogenesi delle IMIDs. La sua identificazione come bersaglio terapeutico ha rivoluzionato il trattamento delle IMIDs, tuttavia la sicurezza e l’efficacia della terapia possono essere compromesse dalla comparsa di eventi avversi e dall’immunogenicità dei farmaci somministrati che, eventualmente, possono causare il fallimento della terapia. In questo contesto, la recente introduzione del monitoraggio terapeutico, cioè la possibilità di determinare quantitativamente i livelli sierici di farmaco ed anticorpi anti-farmaco, rappresenta uno strumento importante non solo per limitare quanto più possibile la comparsa di eventi avversi e dei fenomeni di immunogenicità, ma anche per identificare la strategia terapeutica più adeguata, in accordo con le caratteristiche del singolo individuo trattato, migliorando la risposta al trattamento.
Confronto tra il test ELISA utilizzato di routine e il sistema monotest ELISA completamente automatizzato in fase solida per il monitoraggio terapeutico delle malattie croniche infiammatorie immunomediate (IMIDs).
PELI, NICOLE
2022/2023
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are a heterogeneous group of pathologies derived from an abnormal activity of the immune system, that is not able to distinguish between “self” antigens and “non-self” antigens, leading to a production of autoantibodies against antigens of the organism itself. In the context of autoimmune diseases, the association between the failure of the activity of the immune-competent system and its dysregulation on multiple pathways correlates with the onset of chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. IMIDs are characterized by an altered equilibrium between anti-inflammatory cytokinins, which inhibit inflammatory processes and favor the tissue repairing mechanisms, and pro-inflammatory cytokinins, especially TNF-α, which sustain inflammation and tissue damage. TNF-α is a potent mediator of inflammation, it is secreted by several different cell types even in homeostasis conditions. On the contrary, its hyperproduction could be involved in the onset and maintenance of inflammation, therefore it could play a role in the pathogenesis of IMIDs. Its identification as a a therapeutic target has been fundamental for the treatment of IMIDs, however the safety and efficacy of the therapy could be compromised by the occurrence of side effects and the immunogenicity of administered drugs, that could lead to a failure of the treatment. In this context, the recent introduction of a therapeutic monitoring, the possibility to determine the amount of drug and anti-drug antibodies in patients’ sera, represents a fundamental approach to limit as much as possible the occurrence of side effects and immunogenicity events, but also to identify the most appropriate therapeutic strategy, according to the characteristics of the specific treated patient, improving his/her response to the treatment.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/16922