The term weaning outlines the period in a child's life during which there is a gradual reduction in breastfeeding, whether it is breastfed or formula-fed, in favor of the gradual introduction of a more complex and varied solid diet. It certainly represents a crucial moment in the life of a newborn, as it involves significant and rapid changes, both physiological and maturation-wise for the child. It is also the life stage associated with the development of food preferences and behaviors. [1] During the first months of life, the child grows and develops rapidly, gradually acquiring the skills necessary to introduce solid foods into their diet. However, weaning should not be understood only as a nutritional transition but rather as an educational process involving both the family and the child, contributing to the formation of proper eating habits and promoting dietary diversification; factors that will accompany them for the rest of their lives. The choice of the right time to start this process, the types of foods to introduce, and the methods to do so are important topics that concern both parents and child health professionals. This period is among the most critical, not only influencing the child's current nutritional status but also their future relationship with food and predisposition to specific childhood and adult diseases. Nutrition, along with a healthy lifestyle, is an essential factor in maintaining optimal health. This is particularly true in industrialized countries, where there is a significant increase in multifactorial diseases such as cardiovascular, metabolic, and neoplastic diseases. Nutrition and lifestyle, therefore, interact with the genetic makeup both as a preventive measure and as a causal factor in these pathologies. The interaction between nutrition and the host's genes, whether direct or indirect, defined as nutrigenomics, and the impact of genetic polymorphisms on requirements, tolerance, or metabolism, defined as nutrigenetics, are among the current areas of greatest interest in scientific research dedicated to child nutrition. Numerous studies have highlighted how the mother's diet during pregnancy, and later during weaning, not only influences the health and development of the newborn but also the subsequent health and growth of the child into adulthood. [2] In this thesis, I have decided to examine and delve into nutrition during pregnancy, breastfeeding (2nd week-6 months), and weaning (6 months-1/2 years), recommended dietary practices, and nutritional needs in various phases, analyzing the energy and nutrient intake necessary to ensure good health and normal growth for both the pregnant woman and the newborn; with particular attention to diets with different nutritional requirements from the Mediterranean one, such as vegetarian and vegan diets.
Il termine svezzamento delinea il periodo della vita di un bambino nel quale si verifica una progressiva riduzione dell'allattamento, sia esso gestito al seno o tramite latte in formula, a favore dell’introduzione graduale di una più complessa e varia alimentazione solida. Rappresenta sicuramente un momento cruciale nella vita di un neonato, poiché comporta notevoli e rapidi cambiamenti, sia fisiologici che di maturazione per il bambino. È inoltre la fase della vita associata allo sviluppo delle preferenze e dei comportamenti alimentari. [1] Nel corso dei primi mesi di vita, infatti, il bambino cresce e si sviluppa in modo rapido, acquisendo gradualmente le competenze necessarie per introdurre alimenti solidi nella propria dieta. Lo svezzamento, tuttavia, non deve essere inteso solo come un passaggio nutrizionale, ma piuttosto come un processo educativo che coinvolge la famiglia e il bambino stesso, contribuendo alla formazione di corrette abitudini alimentari e promuovendo la diversificazione alimentare; fattori che lo accompagneranno per il resto della vita. La scelta del momento opportuno per iniziare questo percorso, i tipi di alimenti da introdurre e le modalità con cui farlo sono temi di grande importanza che interessano sia i genitori che i professionisti della salute infantile. Questo periodo infatti risulta tra i più importanti ma anche tra i più critici, in quanto non solo influenza lo stato nutrizionale presente del bambino, ma anche la sua futura relazione con il cibo e la predisposizione a specifiche patologie nell'infanzia e nella successiva età adulta. L’alimentazione, insieme ad un corretto stile di vita, rappresenta un importante fattore coinvolto nel mantenimento dello stato di salute ottimale. Questo risulta particolarmente vero nei paesi industrializzati, dove si assiste ad un notevole aumento di malattie a carattere multifattoriale come ad esempio patologie cardiovascolari, metaboliche e neoplastiche. L’alimentazione e lo stile di vita, dunque, interagiscono con l’assetto genetico sia come mezzo di prevenzione che come fattore causale di queste patologie. L’interazione tra alimentazione e geni dell’ospite, sia essa diretta o indiretta, definita nutrigenomica, e l’impatto dei polimorfismi genetici su requisiti, tolleranza o metabolismo, definita nutrigenetica, sono tra le attuali aree di maggior interesse della ricerca scientifica dedicata all’alimentazione del bambino. Numerosi studi hanno evidenziato come la dieta delle madri durante la gestazione, ed in seguito nello svezzamento, non solo influenza la salute e lo sviluppo del neonato, ma anche la successiva salute e crescita del bambino fino all’età adulta. [2] In questa tesi ho deciso di esaminare ed approfondire l’alimentazione durante la gravidanza, l’allattamento (2° settimana-6 mesi) e lo svezzamento (6 mesi- 1/2 anni), le pratiche alimentari consigliate, ed i fabbisogni nutrizionali nelle varie fasi, analizzando l’apporto di energia e di nutrienti necessari a garantire un buono stato di salute ed un normale accrescimento sia della donna in gravidanza che del neonato; con particolare riguardo alle diete con esigenze alimentari differenti da quella mediterranea, quali quelle vegetariane e vegane.
ALIMENTAZIONE E INTEGRAZIONE ALIMENTARE IN DONNE IN GRAVIDANZA E IN BAMBINI FINO AI 2 ANNI
CARPANI, CHIARA
2022/2023
Abstract
The term weaning outlines the period in a child's life during which there is a gradual reduction in breastfeeding, whether it is breastfed or formula-fed, in favor of the gradual introduction of a more complex and varied solid diet. It certainly represents a crucial moment in the life of a newborn, as it involves significant and rapid changes, both physiological and maturation-wise for the child. It is also the life stage associated with the development of food preferences and behaviors. [1] During the first months of life, the child grows and develops rapidly, gradually acquiring the skills necessary to introduce solid foods into their diet. However, weaning should not be understood only as a nutritional transition but rather as an educational process involving both the family and the child, contributing to the formation of proper eating habits and promoting dietary diversification; factors that will accompany them for the rest of their lives. The choice of the right time to start this process, the types of foods to introduce, and the methods to do so are important topics that concern both parents and child health professionals. This period is among the most critical, not only influencing the child's current nutritional status but also their future relationship with food and predisposition to specific childhood and adult diseases. Nutrition, along with a healthy lifestyle, is an essential factor in maintaining optimal health. This is particularly true in industrialized countries, where there is a significant increase in multifactorial diseases such as cardiovascular, metabolic, and neoplastic diseases. Nutrition and lifestyle, therefore, interact with the genetic makeup both as a preventive measure and as a causal factor in these pathologies. The interaction between nutrition and the host's genes, whether direct or indirect, defined as nutrigenomics, and the impact of genetic polymorphisms on requirements, tolerance, or metabolism, defined as nutrigenetics, are among the current areas of greatest interest in scientific research dedicated to child nutrition. Numerous studies have highlighted how the mother's diet during pregnancy, and later during weaning, not only influences the health and development of the newborn but also the subsequent health and growth of the child into adulthood. [2] In this thesis, I have decided to examine and delve into nutrition during pregnancy, breastfeeding (2nd week-6 months), and weaning (6 months-1/2 years), recommended dietary practices, and nutritional needs in various phases, analyzing the energy and nutrient intake necessary to ensure good health and normal growth for both the pregnant woman and the newborn; with particular attention to diets with different nutritional requirements from the Mediterranean one, such as vegetarian and vegan diets.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/17139