Introduction The lungs are the organs involved in breathing, providing oxygen to the body, which is then transported through the cardiovascular system. The two organs, right and left, are composed of bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli, which are in turn made up of cells. Cancer originates from the latter: through the alteration of genes. The cell, which has become diseased and therefore neoplastic, begins to multiply in an abnormal way leading to the formation of the tumor mass. Lung cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. Goals The primary objective of the thesis is to evaluate the modifiable aspects of this disease and treat them through motor rehabilitation, i.e. physical exercise. According to the WHO, physical exercise is "any movement determined by the musculoskeletal system which results in an energy expenditure greater than that of resting conditions". For patients with lung cancer it represents a therapeutic treatment with the aim of prevention, if carried out pre-operatively and, in the post-operative period, is aimed at recovery and rehabilitation. Furthermore, two studies are described in detail in which two types of training are exposed: one pre-operative and one post-operative. Materials and methods The first study conducted in 2017 enrolled 167 patients who were scheduled to undergo lung resection for NSCLC conducted in the United States, China, Brazil, Turkey and Italy. The second study conducted in 2019 enrolled 450 patients who underwent lung resection for NSCLC, performed via video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS) surgery or thoracotomy, with or without induction or adjuvant chemotherapy conducted in the United Kingdom, Denmark, Australia , Norway, Spain, Belgium and the Netherlands. Results The results of the first study conducted showed that the group of patients who exercised before lung surgery had less risk of developing a postoperative pulmonary complication, had three days less chest drainage, had a shorter hospital stay (four days less), better 6-minute walk distance, and better lung function before surgery, compared to the control group who did no exercise before lung surgery. The results of the second study showed that people with NSCLC who exercised after lung surgery had better fitness levels and strength in their leg muscles, better quality of life, and less breathlessness than those who did not exercise. Conclusions Pre-operative training and post-operative training highlight the importance of physical training as part of the management of patients with NSCLC.
Introduzione I polmoni sono gli organi implicati nella respirazione, fornendo ossigeno all’organismo, che viene trasportato poi attraverso l’apparato cardiocircolatorio. I due organi, destro e sinistro, sono composti da bronchi, bronchioli e alveoli, costituiti a loro volta da cellule. Il cancro si origina da queste ultime: attraverso l’alterazione dei geni. La cellula, diventata malata quindi neoplastica, si inizia a moltiplicare in modo abnorme portando alla formazione della massa tumorale. La neoplasia polmonare è la principale causa di morte a livello mondiale. Obiettivi L’obiettivo primario dell’elaborato consiste nel valutare degli aspetti modificabili di questa malattia e trattarli attraverso la riabilitazione motoria, ossia l’esercizio fisico. L’esercizio fisico è, secondo l’OMS, un “qualunque movimento determinato dal sistema muscolo-scheletrico che si traduce in un dispendio energetico superiore a quello delle condizioni di riposo”. Per pazienti con neoplasia polmonare rappresenta un trattamento terapeutico con scopo di prevenire, se effettuato nel pre-operatorio e, nel post-operatorio, è volto al recupero ed alla riabilitazione. Inoltre, sono descritti nel dettaglio due studi nei quali vengono esposti due tipologie di allenamento: uno pre-operatorio e uno post-operatorio. Materiali e metodi Nel primo studio condotto nel 2017 sono stati arruolati 167 pazienti che dovevano essere sottoposti a resezione polmonare per NSCLC condotto negli Stati Uniti, Cina, Brasile, Turchia e Italia. Il secondo studio condotto nel 2019 sono stati arruolati 450 pazienti che sono stati sottoposti a resezione polmonare per NSCLC, eseguita tramite chirurgia toracoscopia video-assistita (VATS) o toracotomia, con o senza chemioterapia di induzione o adiuvante condotto nel Regno Unito, Danimarca, Australia, Norvegia, Spagna, Belgio e Paesi Bassi. Risultati I risultati del primo studio condotto hanno mostrato che il gruppo di pazienti che facevano esercizio prima dell’intervento chirurgico ai polmoni avevano meno rischio di sviluppare una complicanza polmonare postoperatoria, hanno avuto un drenaggio toracico tre giorni in meno, hanno avuto una degenza ospedaliera più breve (quattro giorni in meno), una migliore distanza percorsa a piedi in 6 minuti e una migliore funzionalità polmonare prima dell'intervento chirurgico, rispetto al gruppo di controllo che non faceva esercizio prima dell’intervento chirurgico ai polmoni. I risultati del secondo studio condotto hanno mostrato che le persone con NSCLC che facevano attività fisica dopo un intervento chirurgico ai polmoni avevano un livello di forma fisica e una forza nei muscoli delle gambe migliori, una migliore qualità della vita e una minore dispnea rispetto a quelli che non facevano esercizio. Conclusioni L’allenamento pre-operatorio e l’allenamento post-operatorio sottolineano l’importanza dell’allenamento fisico come parte della gestione dei pazienti con NSCLC.
STUDIO DI UN PROGRAMMA DI ALLENAMENTO NEI PAZIENTI SOTTOPOSTI A CHIRURGIA PER TUMORE POLMONARE
COMINCIOLI, ALICE
2022/2023
Abstract
Introduction The lungs are the organs involved in breathing, providing oxygen to the body, which is then transported through the cardiovascular system. The two organs, right and left, are composed of bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli, which are in turn made up of cells. Cancer originates from the latter: through the alteration of genes. The cell, which has become diseased and therefore neoplastic, begins to multiply in an abnormal way leading to the formation of the tumor mass. Lung cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. Goals The primary objective of the thesis is to evaluate the modifiable aspects of this disease and treat them through motor rehabilitation, i.e. physical exercise. According to the WHO, physical exercise is "any movement determined by the musculoskeletal system which results in an energy expenditure greater than that of resting conditions". For patients with lung cancer it represents a therapeutic treatment with the aim of prevention, if carried out pre-operatively and, in the post-operative period, is aimed at recovery and rehabilitation. Furthermore, two studies are described in detail in which two types of training are exposed: one pre-operative and one post-operative. Materials and methods The first study conducted in 2017 enrolled 167 patients who were scheduled to undergo lung resection for NSCLC conducted in the United States, China, Brazil, Turkey and Italy. The second study conducted in 2019 enrolled 450 patients who underwent lung resection for NSCLC, performed via video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS) surgery or thoracotomy, with or without induction or adjuvant chemotherapy conducted in the United Kingdom, Denmark, Australia , Norway, Spain, Belgium and the Netherlands. Results The results of the first study conducted showed that the group of patients who exercised before lung surgery had less risk of developing a postoperative pulmonary complication, had three days less chest drainage, had a shorter hospital stay (four days less), better 6-minute walk distance, and better lung function before surgery, compared to the control group who did no exercise before lung surgery. The results of the second study showed that people with NSCLC who exercised after lung surgery had better fitness levels and strength in their leg muscles, better quality of life, and less breathlessness than those who did not exercise. Conclusions Pre-operative training and post-operative training highlight the importance of physical training as part of the management of patients with NSCLC.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/17328