This master thesis work presents a field invesitgation carried out between October and December 2015 in the Colombian “Zona de Reserva Campesina del Valle del Rio Cimitarra” (ZRC – Cimitarra River’s Agricultural Reserve). This activity is the second part of an international project conducted by three partners: the ACVC (Vale of the Cimitarra River’s Agricultural Association), University of Brescia’s CeTAmb LAB (Research laboratory for Appropriate Technologies for Environmental Management in resource-limited Countries – IT) and the Peace University of Barrancabermeja (CO). The aim of the project is to realize a wastewater treatment plant using appropriate technologies in order to reduce mercury pollution in waters discharged by ZRC’s artisanal gold mines. In Colombia the ASGM amalgamation process is carried out on the whole ore in small ball mills called cocos, in which the rock is grinded and the gold is amalgamated with the addition of water and mercury. Then the miners manually wash the sludge to extract the amalgam, that is later burnt in retorts or simply outside to recover the gold. These activities cause huge emissions of mercury in air, water and soil. The first part of the project investigated the phytoremediation of mercury with the floating plant Eichhornia crassipes as the appropriate technology to be introduced in ZRC, while the aim of this second part was to test a mercury precipitation pre-treatment, in order to reduce the amount of metal in water before the phytoremediation treatment to enhance the resilience and the efficiency of the plant. The test has been conducted on 4 reagents: potassium sulfate, zinc sulfate, aluminium sulfate and sodium chloride. The investigation included also mass balances of the amalgamation process conducted in the standard way and with a reduction of mercury dose and of the cyanidation process, the analysis of polluted matrices, the study of the burning phase and the construction of a small pilot plant. The results show a mean concentration of mercury in the wastewater of 400 μg/l (40 times the Colombian limit for wastewater). The mass balances revealed that in the studied mine the miners use 7900 gHg/d to produce 510 gAu/d and discharge in the environment at least 1125 gHg/d. The best compounds were aluminium sulfate and sodium chloride with a dose of 0,005% on wastewater weight. The former showed a precipitation efficiency of 98% in one hour sedimentation, the latter had a lower efficiency (78%), but it has been considered more adequate due to his low cost and easy accessibility. The pilot plant consisted of a series of two precipitation tanks and two phytoremediation tanks and was able to reduce mercury concentration in water from 400 μg/l to <0,05 μg/l.
Il presente lavoro di tesi espone l’attività sperimentale svolta tra ottobre e dicembre 2015 presso la Zona di Riserva Contadina della Valle del fiume Cimitarra (ZRC), in Colombia, nell’ambito della seconda missione sul campo prevista dall’accordo di collaborazione internazionale tra ACVC (Asociación Campesina del Valle del Rio Cimitarra), CeTAmb LAB (Laboratorio di Ricerca sulle Tecnologie Appropriate per la Gestione dell’Ambiente nei Paesi a Risorse Limitate) dell’Università di Brescia e l’ Universidad de la Paz di Barrancabermeja. L’accordo è stato sviluppato allo scopo di realizzare una filiera di trattamento che sfrutti tecnologie appropriate per la rimozione del mercurio dalle acque residuali delle miniere d’oro artigianali presenti nella ZRC. In Colombia l’estrazione dell’oro nelle miniere artigianali avviene in mulini a sfere detti cocos, dove, dopo il dosaggio di acqua e mercurio, la roccia viene triturata e l’oro amalgamato. In seguito i minatori lavano abbondantemente il fango ottenuto per separare l’amalgama oro-mercurio, che viene poi fusa all’aperto o in storte per estrarre l’oro. Queste operazioni causano l’immissione in aria e acqua di enormi quantità di metallo pesante. La prima missione ha individuato come tecnologia appropriata applicabile al contesto la fitodepurazione tramite una macrofita galleggiante (Eichhornia crassipes), mentre l’obiettivo di questa seconda missione è stato quello di sperimentare un pretrattamento di precipitazione chimica da porre a monte della fitodepurazione per aumentare resilienza ed efficienza del sistema. È stata indagata l’efficienza di precipitazione di 4 reagenti: solfato di potassio, solfato di zinco, solfato di alluminio, cloruro di sodio. Sono stati inoltre svolti presso una miniera dei bilanci di massa sul processo di amalgamazione standard e con riduzioni nel dosaggio di mercurio e sul trattamento di cianurazione, sono state analizzate le matrici contaminate, è stata studiata la fase di separazione termica dell’amalgama ed è infine stato costruito un piccolo impianto pilota. I risultati mostrano una concentrazione media di mercurio nelle acque di scarico della miniera di 400 μg/l (40 volte oltre il limite allo scarico colombiano di 10 μg/l). Dai bilanci di massa è emerso che nella miniera studiata si usano 7900 gHg/d per produrre 510 gAu/d e vengono scaricati con i residui 1125 gHg/d. I migliori reagenti individuati durante la sperimentazione sono solfato di alluminio e cloruro di sodio, dosati allo 0,005% in peso sull’acqua reflua. Il primo ha ridotto del 98% la concentrazione di mercurio nell’acqua dopo un’ora di sedimentazione, mentre il secondo ha avuto un’efficienza inferiore (78%), ma è stato ritenuto appropriato in quanto facilmente accessibile e a basso costo. L’installazione dell’impianto pilota, comprendente due comparti di precipitazione e due di fitodepurazione in serie, ha permesso di ridurre la concentrazione di mercurio nell’acqua da 400 μg/l a <0,05 μg/l.
Sperimentazione di tecnologie per la riduzione delle emissioni inquinanti generate da attività informali di estrazione dell'oro in Colombia
MASSARI, SILVIA
2015/2016
Abstract
This master thesis work presents a field invesitgation carried out between October and December 2015 in the Colombian “Zona de Reserva Campesina del Valle del Rio Cimitarra” (ZRC – Cimitarra River’s Agricultural Reserve). This activity is the second part of an international project conducted by three partners: the ACVC (Vale of the Cimitarra River’s Agricultural Association), University of Brescia’s CeTAmb LAB (Research laboratory for Appropriate Technologies for Environmental Management in resource-limited Countries – IT) and the Peace University of Barrancabermeja (CO). The aim of the project is to realize a wastewater treatment plant using appropriate technologies in order to reduce mercury pollution in waters discharged by ZRC’s artisanal gold mines. In Colombia the ASGM amalgamation process is carried out on the whole ore in small ball mills called cocos, in which the rock is grinded and the gold is amalgamated with the addition of water and mercury. Then the miners manually wash the sludge to extract the amalgam, that is later burnt in retorts or simply outside to recover the gold. These activities cause huge emissions of mercury in air, water and soil. The first part of the project investigated the phytoremediation of mercury with the floating plant Eichhornia crassipes as the appropriate technology to be introduced in ZRC, while the aim of this second part was to test a mercury precipitation pre-treatment, in order to reduce the amount of metal in water before the phytoremediation treatment to enhance the resilience and the efficiency of the plant. The test has been conducted on 4 reagents: potassium sulfate, zinc sulfate, aluminium sulfate and sodium chloride. The investigation included also mass balances of the amalgamation process conducted in the standard way and with a reduction of mercury dose and of the cyanidation process, the analysis of polluted matrices, the study of the burning phase and the construction of a small pilot plant. The results show a mean concentration of mercury in the wastewater of 400 μg/l (40 times the Colombian limit for wastewater). The mass balances revealed that in the studied mine the miners use 7900 gHg/d to produce 510 gAu/d and discharge in the environment at least 1125 gHg/d. The best compounds were aluminium sulfate and sodium chloride with a dose of 0,005% on wastewater weight. The former showed a precipitation efficiency of 98% in one hour sedimentation, the latter had a lower efficiency (78%), but it has been considered more adequate due to his low cost and easy accessibility. The pilot plant consisted of a series of two precipitation tanks and two phytoremediation tanks and was able to reduce mercury concentration in water from 400 μg/l to <0,05 μg/l.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/17617