Consciousness disorders include: coma, persistent vegetative status and minimal consciousness. These conditions are characterized by loss of consciousness and may be produced by a variety of causes including bilateral brain hemisphere lesions, selective damage of the reticular ascending system, disconnection of cortical networks. Some patients are able to fully recover the fully conscious state and others at least a minimal level of consciousness thanks to the recovery of functional reciprocal connections between the thalamus and the cortex. Within this context it has been explored, and it is still actively investigated, the effect of drugs acting upon the status of consciousness including both stimulants and CNS depressants. Stimulants have been observed to favour the cognitive recovery in patients having spontaneously recovered the consciousness. CNS depressants, such as various kinds of GABA-mimetics, may facilitate the transition from the vegetative state to the minimally conscious state. The effect of CNS depressant may be due to the facilitation of the reciprocal connections between thalamus and brain cortex. A relevant drug within this context is Zolpidem facilitating the GABA-A receptor activity in a manner similar to benzodiazepines. On the other hand, coma research is very complex and the variables to control are quite a number. For this reason there is the need for further studies on the effects of drugs on consciousness transition states in comatose patients with particular attention to the mechanisms, neurotransmitters and brain areas involved.
I disturbi di coscienza includono il coma, lo stato vegetativo e lo stato di minima coscienza. Tali patologie sono caratterizzate dalla perdita di coscienza che può essere causata da diversi fattori, tra cui lesioni emisferiche bilaterali, danno selettivo al sistema reticolare ascendente oppure disconnessione di diverse reti corticali. Alcuni pazienti sono in grado di recuperare completamente la coscienza o di rimanere in stato di minima coscienza in seguito al recupero funzionale delle connessioni cortico-talamo-corticali. In tale contesto viene studiato l’uso di diversi farmaci in grado di agire a livello del sistema nervoso centrale. Sono pubblicati in letteratura e in corso studi riguardanti diversi farmaci che possono essere raggruppati in: stimolanti del sistema nervoso centrale e deprimenti del sistema nervoso centrale. Gli stimolanti del SNC sono efficaci nel migliorare il recupero cognitivo in pazienti che hanno mostrato un recupero funzionale spontaneo della coscienza. I deprimenti del SNC sono invece in grado di promuovere la transizione dallo stato vegetativo e dallo stato di minima coscienza fino al recupero, ripristinando le connessioni cortico-talamo-corticali; di quest’ultima categoria di farmaci, di rilevante interesse è lo Zolpidem, un farmaco sedativo-ipnotico non benzodiazepinico, che agisce sui recettori GABAA. Tuttavia gli studi sul coma sono complessi e il controllo delle variabili molto difficile per cui saranno necessari ulteriori studi ponendo attenzione ai meccanismi d’azione, ai neurotrasmettitori coinvolti e al loro effetto sui circuiti cortico-talamo-corticali.
Zolpidem, sedativi e risveglio dal coma
DE IACOB, MARTA
2016/2017
Abstract
Consciousness disorders include: coma, persistent vegetative status and minimal consciousness. These conditions are characterized by loss of consciousness and may be produced by a variety of causes including bilateral brain hemisphere lesions, selective damage of the reticular ascending system, disconnection of cortical networks. Some patients are able to fully recover the fully conscious state and others at least a minimal level of consciousness thanks to the recovery of functional reciprocal connections between the thalamus and the cortex. Within this context it has been explored, and it is still actively investigated, the effect of drugs acting upon the status of consciousness including both stimulants and CNS depressants. Stimulants have been observed to favour the cognitive recovery in patients having spontaneously recovered the consciousness. CNS depressants, such as various kinds of GABA-mimetics, may facilitate the transition from the vegetative state to the minimally conscious state. The effect of CNS depressant may be due to the facilitation of the reciprocal connections between thalamus and brain cortex. A relevant drug within this context is Zolpidem facilitating the GABA-A receptor activity in a manner similar to benzodiazepines. On the other hand, coma research is very complex and the variables to control are quite a number. For this reason there is the need for further studies on the effects of drugs on consciousness transition states in comatose patients with particular attention to the mechanisms, neurotransmitters and brain areas involved.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/18381