The document will deal with personalized therapy in multiple sclerosis treatment, also examining some of the putative causal events that became target for pharmacological interventions aimed to treat the disease. MS is a demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system altering the ability of neurons to efficiently transmit their signals. Atlas (multiple sclerosis resources, WHO) represents the most complete study on the multiple sclerosis that has allowed the collection of information from over 100 countries. Numbers are impressive: there are about 2,5-3 million persons of which 600. 000 in Europe and about 75. 000 in Italy suffering of MS. The major portion of the patients shows the first symptoms at the age of 20 - 40 years and symptoms that vary as a function of the specific CNS areas which are involved. MS presents four kinds of clinical course that vary from patient's to patient and can change during the life. In particular: clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), primary progressive MS (PPMS), and secondary progressive MS (SPMS). Recent studies, led by the International Consortium of the Multiple Sclerosis (IMSGC), have shed light on the association between multiple sclerosis and HLA genotype, allowing to recognize the importance of the correct recognition by the immune system of healthy vs affected neurons. Several cell types, among which T, B and others immune cells are involved. The diagnosis of the sickness is made by a medical specialist who carries out an accurate neurological visit followed then by a complete screening for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis which is based on three types of instrumental and invasive clinical examinations: nuclear magnetic resonance (RMN), evoked potentials and lumbar puncture. The therapeutic plan is set according to the specific characteristics of the patient and to the variability of the MS. The available therapies do not cure the disease. The first line drugs are: Interferon beta, Glatiramer Acetate, Teriflunomide, Dimethylfumarate. Second line drugs are: Natalizumab Fingolimod, Mitoxantrone. The present research is aimed to identify therapeutic biomarkers able to address the best therapeutic strategies for individual patients. In spite of the difficulties the research of biomarkers has led to progresses into the clinical applications of above listed drugs with improved outcomes.
Tratterò in questo scritto il tema della terapia personalizzata nella sclerosi multipla, dalle cause che la scatenano all’approccio farmacologico che ne deriva. La sclerosi multipla è una malattia neurodegenerativa demielinizzante con lesioni a carico del sistema nervoso centrale. Atlas (Multiple Sclerosis resources, WHO) rappresenta lo studio più completo sulla sclerosi multipla che ha permesso la raccolta di informazioni da oltre 100 paesi dalla quale è emerso il crescente numero di persone che ne sono affette: si tratta di 2,5-3 milioni di persone di cui 600.000 in Europa e circa 75.000 in Italia. La maggior parte dei pazienti manifestano i primi sintomi tra i 20 e i 40 anni ed essendo una malattia molto variabile i sintomi dipendono dalle aree del sistema nervoso che vengono colpite. La sclerosi multipla presenta quattro forme di decorso clinico che variano da paziente a paziente e possono mutare nel corso della vita. Tra queste riconosciamo la SM recidivante e remittente, la SM secondariamente progressiva, la SM primariamente progressiva e la SM progressiva con ricadute. Recenti studi condotti dal Consorzio Internazionale della Sclerosi Multipla (IMSGC) hanno portato alla luce l’associazione tra sclerosi multipla e gli antigeni del leucocita umano noti come HLA, proteine localizzate sulla superficie delle cellule e che svolgono un ruolo chiave nel processo che permette al sistema immunitario di distinguere le cellule sane da quelle malate. Un ruolo chiave svolto nella patogenesi della Sclerosi Multipla è dato dalle cellule T, B e altre cellule immuni. La diagnosi della malattia viene effettuata dal medico specialista che esegue in primo luogo un’accurata visita neurologica seguita poi da uno screening completo per la diagnosi di sclerosi multipla il quale si basa su tre tipi di esami: la risonanza magnetica nucleare (RMN), potenziali evocati e la puntura lombare. Il piano terapeutico viene configurato in rapporto alle caratteristiche specifiche del paziente e alla variabilità della SM. Nessuna terapia é stata ancora individuata come clinicamente efficace. I farmaci di prima linea impiegati sono: Interferone beta, Glatiramer Acetato, Teriflunomide, Dimetilfumarato. Farmaci di seconda linea impiegati: Natalizumab Fingolimod, Mitoxantrone. La ricerca è volta ad identificare e validare biomarcatori terapeutici per aiutare ad orientare le strategie terapeutiche future come il segmento, sempre più in crescita delle nuove terapie modificanti la malattia che comprendono i farmaci poco sopra citati. Ad oggi le conclusioni di tali studi sono limitati alla mancanza di comprensione della causa della sclerosi multipla. Nonostante queste limitazioni, continui progressi nella ricerca di biomarcatori ha portato alle applicazioni cliniche degli stessi nella fase iniziale della sclerosi multipla con risultati affrettabili.
Personalizzazione della terapia nella sclerosi multipla
ALICATA, ARIANNA
2017/2018
Abstract
The document will deal with personalized therapy in multiple sclerosis treatment, also examining some of the putative causal events that became target for pharmacological interventions aimed to treat the disease. MS is a demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system altering the ability of neurons to efficiently transmit their signals. Atlas (multiple sclerosis resources, WHO) represents the most complete study on the multiple sclerosis that has allowed the collection of information from over 100 countries. Numbers are impressive: there are about 2,5-3 million persons of which 600. 000 in Europe and about 75. 000 in Italy suffering of MS. The major portion of the patients shows the first symptoms at the age of 20 - 40 years and symptoms that vary as a function of the specific CNS areas which are involved. MS presents four kinds of clinical course that vary from patient's to patient and can change during the life. In particular: clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), primary progressive MS (PPMS), and secondary progressive MS (SPMS). Recent studies, led by the International Consortium of the Multiple Sclerosis (IMSGC), have shed light on the association between multiple sclerosis and HLA genotype, allowing to recognize the importance of the correct recognition by the immune system of healthy vs affected neurons. Several cell types, among which T, B and others immune cells are involved. The diagnosis of the sickness is made by a medical specialist who carries out an accurate neurological visit followed then by a complete screening for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis which is based on three types of instrumental and invasive clinical examinations: nuclear magnetic resonance (RMN), evoked potentials and lumbar puncture. The therapeutic plan is set according to the specific characteristics of the patient and to the variability of the MS. The available therapies do not cure the disease. The first line drugs are: Interferon beta, Glatiramer Acetate, Teriflunomide, Dimethylfumarate. Second line drugs are: Natalizumab Fingolimod, Mitoxantrone. The present research is aimed to identify therapeutic biomarkers able to address the best therapeutic strategies for individual patients. In spite of the difficulties the research of biomarkers has led to progresses into the clinical applications of above listed drugs with improved outcomes.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/18699