The hexafluoropropylene-oxide-dimer-acid [(HFPO-DA), GenX] is a short-chain perfluoroalkyl substance recently introduced as a valid alternative for polymerization process, following the phasing out of PFOAs. GenX was detected at high concentrations in rivers, drinking water and in the serum of exposed workers Recent studies suggested that this substance is potential dangerousness to human health. Recent studies have suggested could be potentially harmful to human health. The aim of this work has been to investigate the consequences of the exposure to GenX on thyroid cells in vitro, with particular attention to the effects on cell-viability, proliferation, DNA-damage and in the expression of thyroid-related genes. Rat thyroid cells (FRTL-5 line) were exposed to increasing concentrations of GenX (0.0001; 0.001; 0.01; 0.1; 1 µg/ml) for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Cell viability was analyzed using WST-1 reagent. DNA damage was assessed using the Comet Assay and it was further confirmed by the micronucleus test. Furthermore, the proliferation of survived cells was measured by staining with crystal violet and evaluation of its optical density after incubation with SDS. Finally, changes in the expression of Nkx2.1, Pax8, Tg and TSH-R genes were evaluated with RT-PCR. The results show that the exposure to GenX reduced the viability of FRTL-5 in a time and dose-dependent manner (24 hours): ANOVA F = 22,286; p<0,001; 48 hours: F=43,253, p<0,001; 72 hours: F=49,708, p<0,001). In addition, GenX exerted a genotoxic effect, as evidenced by the Comet Assay (significant increase in tail length, olive-tail-moment and percentage of tail DNA) and by the micronucleus assay, both at cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic concentrations. The exposure to GenX at non-cytotoxic concentrations caused a significant reduction of the expression of the regulatory gene Nkx2.1 (p<0.05 versus untreated) and an increase in the expression of Pax-8 (p<0.05 versus untreated), without causing variations in the expression levels of TG and TSHR genes. Finally, the cells that survived the exposure to GenX, show a reduction in their proliferation capacity (24 hours: ANOVA F=11.941; p<0.001; 48 hours: F=93.11; p<0.001; 72 hours F=21.65; p<0.001). We can conclude, based on the results of this thesis work, that in vitro exposure to GenX is potentially dangerous for thyroid cells as it causes reduced viability, proliferation, DNA damage and an altered expression of thyroid transcription-factors genes.
L’acido 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-( eptafluoropropossi)-propanoico [(HFPO-DA), GenX] è una sostanza perfluoroalchilica a catena corta che è stata recentemente introdotta come valida alternativa al processo di polimerizzazione, a seguito della graduale eliminazione dei PFOA. GenX è stato rilevato ad elevate concentrazioni nei fiumi, nell'acqua potabile e nel siero dei lavoratori esposti. Recenti studi hanno suggerito che questa sostanza potrebbe essere potenzialmente dannosa per la salute umana. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è stato quello di indagare le conseguenze dell’esposizione a GenX su cellule tiroidee in vitro, con particolare attenzione agli effetti sulla vitalità, sulla proliferazione, i danni al DNA e all'espressione dei geni correlati alla tiroide. Le cellule tiroidee di ratto, (linea FRTL-5), sono state esposte a concentrazioni crescenti di GenX (0.0001; 0.001; 0.01; 0.1; 1 µg/ml ) per 24, 48 e 72 ore. La vitalità cellulare è stata analizzata tramite l’utilizzo del reagente WST-1. Il danno al DNA è stato valutato mediante Comet Assay e ulteriormente confermato dal Test dei micronuclei. Inoltre la proliferazione delle cellule sopravvissute al trattamento con GenX è stata misurata mediante colorazione con crystal violet. Infine, i cambiamenti nell'espressione dei geni Nkx2.1, Pax8, Tg e TSH-R sono stati valutati con RT-PCR. I risultati evidenziano che l’esposizione a GenX ha ridotto la vitalità delle FRTL-5 in modo dipendente dal tempo e dalla dose (24 ore): ANOVA F = 22.286; p<0.001; 48 ore: F=43.253, p<0.001; 72 ore: F=49,708, p<0,001). In aggiunta, GenX ha esercitato un effetto genotossico, come evidenziato dal Comet Assay (aumento significativo della lunghezza della coda, del momento dell’oliva e della percentuale di DNA della coda) e dal Test dei micronuclei, sia a concentrazioni citotossiche che non citotossiche. L'esposizione a GenX a concentrazioni non citotossiche ha causato una riduzione significativa dell'espressione del gene Nkx2.1 (p<0.05 versus non trattati) e un incremento nell’espressione di Pax-8 (p<0.05 versus non trattati), senza apportare variazioni nei livelli di espressione dei geni TG e TSHR. Infine, le cellule sopravvissute all’esposizione a GenX, presentano una riduzione nella loro capacità di proliferazione. (24 hours: ANOVA F=11,941; p<0,001; 48 hours: F=93.11; p<0.001; 72 hours F=21.65; p<0.001). Possiamo concludere, sulla base dei risultati di questo lavoro di tesi, che l’esposizione in vitro a GenX è potenzialmente pericoloso per le cellule tiroidee in quanto provoca riduzione della vitalità, della proliferazione, danno a livello del DNA ed un’ alterata espressione dei fattori trascrizione dei geni tiroidei.
Effetti dell’esposizione in vitro di cellule tiroidee a acido 2,3,3-tetrafluoro- 2-(eptafluoropropossi)- propanoico [(HFPO-DA), GENX]
PISANÒ, GIORGIA MARIA
2018/2019
Abstract
The hexafluoropropylene-oxide-dimer-acid [(HFPO-DA), GenX] is a short-chain perfluoroalkyl substance recently introduced as a valid alternative for polymerization process, following the phasing out of PFOAs. GenX was detected at high concentrations in rivers, drinking water and in the serum of exposed workers Recent studies suggested that this substance is potential dangerousness to human health. Recent studies have suggested could be potentially harmful to human health. The aim of this work has been to investigate the consequences of the exposure to GenX on thyroid cells in vitro, with particular attention to the effects on cell-viability, proliferation, DNA-damage and in the expression of thyroid-related genes. Rat thyroid cells (FRTL-5 line) were exposed to increasing concentrations of GenX (0.0001; 0.001; 0.01; 0.1; 1 µg/ml) for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Cell viability was analyzed using WST-1 reagent. DNA damage was assessed using the Comet Assay and it was further confirmed by the micronucleus test. Furthermore, the proliferation of survived cells was measured by staining with crystal violet and evaluation of its optical density after incubation with SDS. Finally, changes in the expression of Nkx2.1, Pax8, Tg and TSH-R genes were evaluated with RT-PCR. The results show that the exposure to GenX reduced the viability of FRTL-5 in a time and dose-dependent manner (24 hours): ANOVA F = 22,286; p<0,001; 48 hours: F=43,253, p<0,001; 72 hours: F=49,708, p<0,001). In addition, GenX exerted a genotoxic effect, as evidenced by the Comet Assay (significant increase in tail length, olive-tail-moment and percentage of tail DNA) and by the micronucleus assay, both at cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic concentrations. The exposure to GenX at non-cytotoxic concentrations caused a significant reduction of the expression of the regulatory gene Nkx2.1 (p<0.05 versus untreated) and an increase in the expression of Pax-8 (p<0.05 versus untreated), without causing variations in the expression levels of TG and TSHR genes. Finally, the cells that survived the exposure to GenX, show a reduction in their proliferation capacity (24 hours: ANOVA F=11.941; p<0.001; 48 hours: F=93.11; p<0.001; 72 hours F=21.65; p<0.001). We can conclude, based on the results of this thesis work, that in vitro exposure to GenX is potentially dangerous for thyroid cells as it causes reduced viability, proliferation, DNA damage and an altered expression of thyroid transcription-factors genes.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/20860