Levothyroxine, levorotatory isomer of thyroxine (T4) is the treatment of choice for hypothyroidism. It’s estimated that in the healthy individuals approximately 60/80% of orally administered levothyroxine is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, mainly in the duodenum (about 20%) and upper (40%) and lower jejuno-ileum (40%). However various endogenous and exogenous factors may interfere with the absorption kinetics of levothyroxine. The timing of food intake in relation to levothyroxine administration is important and the absorption of L-T4 is maximal when the stomach is empty, reflecting the importance of gastric acidity in the process. Additonally, certain foods and drinks affect the absorption of levothyroxine: in particular dietary fibers, soybeans, and coffee reduce the absorption of the drug. Many medications decrease levothyroxine absorption by gastrointestinal tract (such as calcium carbonate, phosphate binder, bile acid resins, ferrous sulfate, sucralfate, aluminium hydroxine, orlistat, estrogen therapy and TKI - tyrosine kinase inhibitors etc.). Furthermore many gastrointestinal diseases, such as the conditions that disrupt the intestinal barrier integrity and the diseases that impair gastric acidity may alter the bioavailability of levothyroxine. These diseases include celiac disease, intestinal giardiasis, lactose intolerance as well as Helicobacter pylori infection and atrophic gastritis. Therefore, the development of new levothyroxine oral formulations, liquid formulation and softgel capsule, may represent an interesting therapeutic approach; this method could be a simple yet effective way to address the issue. These formulations represent an innovative therapeutic approach to hypothyroid patients with problems of impaired absorption of levothyroxine. In this manuscript, particular attention has been paid to the clinical implication, reviewing the case of a patient with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis with supposed malabsorption of levothyroxine.
Levotiroxina, isomero levogiro della tiroxina (T4) è il farmaco d’elezione per il trattamento dell’ipotiroidismo. È stimato che, negli individui sani, il 60/80% circa della levotiroxina, assunta oralmente, sia assorbita nel tratto gastrointestinale, più specificatamente, la permeazione avvenga maggiormente a livello del digiuno ed ileo (40%), mentre il restante 20% sia assorbito a livello del duodeno. Tuttavia diversi fattori esogeni ed endogeni possono alterarne l’assorbimento. L’ingestione del cibo in relazione alla somministrazione della levotiroxina è molto importante, infatti l’assorbimento di L-T4 risulta massimo a stomaco vuoto, rispecchiando l’importanza dell’acidità gastrica nel processo. In aggiunta, alcuni cibi e bevande interferiscono con l’assorbimento della levotroxina: in particolare, una dieta ricca di fibre, soia e caffè riducono l’assorbimento di suddetto medicinale. Ci sono molti farmaci che diminuiscono il suo assorbimento (come calcio carbonato, chelanti del fosfato, sequestranti degli acidi biliari, solfato ferroso, sucralfato, idrossido di alluminio, estrogeni, TKI – inibitori delle tirosin chinasi, ecc.). Inoltre alcuni patologie gastrointestinali, condizioni che alterano l’integrità della barriera intestinale e malattie che riducono l’acidità gastrica possono alterare la biodisponibilità della levotiroxina. Queste patologie includono: morbo celiaco, giardiasi, intolleranza al lattosio come infezione da Helicobacter pylori e gastrite atrofica. Tuttavia, lo sviluppo di nuove formulazioni orali, formulazione liquida e capsule in gel, possono rappresentare un interessante approccio terapeutico, semplice ed efficace, per affrontare il problema di malassorbimento. Tali formulazioni rappresentano un innovativo approccio a quei pazienti ipotiroidei che riportano un ridotto assorbimento di levotiroxina. Durante la stesura della tesi si è posta particolare attenzione al risvolto clinico, revisionando il caso di una paziente affetta da tiroidite cronica autoimmune con presunto malassorbimento di levotiroxina.
Malassorbimento della Levotiroxina. Abitudini nutrizionali, interferenze farmacologiche, cause patologiche: analisi della letteratura e descrizione di un caso clinico.
COSTANZO, MARGHERITA
2013/2014
Abstract
Levothyroxine, levorotatory isomer of thyroxine (T4) is the treatment of choice for hypothyroidism. It’s estimated that in the healthy individuals approximately 60/80% of orally administered levothyroxine is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, mainly in the duodenum (about 20%) and upper (40%) and lower jejuno-ileum (40%). However various endogenous and exogenous factors may interfere with the absorption kinetics of levothyroxine. The timing of food intake in relation to levothyroxine administration is important and the absorption of L-T4 is maximal when the stomach is empty, reflecting the importance of gastric acidity in the process. Additonally, certain foods and drinks affect the absorption of levothyroxine: in particular dietary fibers, soybeans, and coffee reduce the absorption of the drug. Many medications decrease levothyroxine absorption by gastrointestinal tract (such as calcium carbonate, phosphate binder, bile acid resins, ferrous sulfate, sucralfate, aluminium hydroxine, orlistat, estrogen therapy and TKI - tyrosine kinase inhibitors etc.). Furthermore many gastrointestinal diseases, such as the conditions that disrupt the intestinal barrier integrity and the diseases that impair gastric acidity may alter the bioavailability of levothyroxine. These diseases include celiac disease, intestinal giardiasis, lactose intolerance as well as Helicobacter pylori infection and atrophic gastritis. Therefore, the development of new levothyroxine oral formulations, liquid formulation and softgel capsule, may represent an interesting therapeutic approach; this method could be a simple yet effective way to address the issue. These formulations represent an innovative therapeutic approach to hypothyroid patients with problems of impaired absorption of levothyroxine. In this manuscript, particular attention has been paid to the clinical implication, reviewing the case of a patient with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis with supposed malabsorption of levothyroxine.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/20993