Background. Burkholderia pseudomallei is an environmental, Gram negative, rod-shaped bacterium which can affect humans causing a neglected infectious disease called melioidosis. Melioidosis is difficult to diagnose clinically. Culture of Burkholderia pseudomallei is the current gold standard culture of Burkholderia pseudomallei but a definitive result takes time and has an estimated sensitivity of 60.2%. Since the disease has a high mortality and B. pseudomallei has intrinsic resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as ceftriaxone, a point of care tool could improve the management and outcome of patients with melioidosis. Methodology/Principal findings. Between June and October 2017, we conducted a study at Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane (Laos, Southeastern Asia) to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a Lateral Flow Immunoassay Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and determine how much it could reduce the time to diagnosis. We enrolled patients with clinically suspected melioidosis. The performance of RDT was compared with culture using plasma, buffy coat, whole blood, urine, sputum and pus samples when available. The patient was considered positive on RDT if at least one of the samples was positive. RDTs were independently read by two operators to evaluate inter-operator variability. Time to diagnosis was compared using the time of the first positive RDT and the time for the first presumptive culture result (defined as a positive latex agglutination test on blood culture broth or suspect colonies). We enrolled 112 patients and 26 (23.2%) were culture-positive for B. pseudomallei. We used RDT on 106 whole blood, plasma and buffy coat samples, 96 urines, 28 sputa and 20 pus samples. RDT sensitivity and specificity were 65.4% and 87.2%, the latter related to 10 weak-positive reactions on urine samples, considered likely false positives. We calculated a PPV of 60.7%, an NPV of 89.3% and a 95.7% concordance rate; time to diagnosis decreased by a mean of 23 hours. Conclusions. Our findings confirm the potential for a reliable point of care tool to reduce the time to diagnosis of melioidosis. However, the tested RDT currently has a disappointing sensitivity and specificity problems when testing urine samples.
Antefatto. Burkholderia pseudomallei è un batterio, gram negativo, a forma di bacillo, che si trova naturalmente nell’ambiente e che può causare nell’uomo una malattia poco conosciuta chiamata melioidosi. Essa è difficilmente diagnosticabile con la sola clinica. Il metodo diagnostico di riferimento è la coltura che però richiede tempo per dare un risultato definitivo e possiede una sensibilità del 60,2%. Questo, assieme all’elevato tasso di mortalità e alle numerose resistenze intrinseche del batterio ai più comuni antibiotici, determina una sollecita richiesta di miglioramenti nel campo della diagnostica e della terapia. Metodi e risultati. Tra Giugno e Ottobre 2017 è stato condotto questo studio di ricerca presso il Mahosot Hospital di Vientiane, nella capitale del Laos (Sud-Est Asiatico), per calcolare sensibilità, specificità e la potenziale riduzione del tempo di diagnosi di un Test Diagnostico Rapido (RDT) che usa la tecnica di immunotest a flusso laterale. Questo è stato confrontato con la coltura. Sono stati coinvolti nello studio tutti i pazienti sospettati clinicamente di melioidosi, di cui sono stati testati i campioni di plasma, strato leucocitario-piastrinico, sangue intero, urine, escreato e pus. I pazienti sono stati considerati positivi quando almeno un campione risultava positivo. I campioni sono stati letti da due operatori separatamente ed è stata calcolata la variabilità iter-operatore. Il tempo di diagnosi è stato confrontato usando il primo RDT positivo e la prima coltura positiva. Sono stati coinvolti 112 pazienti e 26(23.2%) sono risultati essere positivi per B. pseudomallei. In definitiva, RDT è stato testato su 106 campioni di sangue, plasma and strato leucocitario-piastrinico, 96 campioni di urine, 28 campioni di escreato e 20 campioni di pus. La sensibilità e la specificità degli RDT sono risultate essere rispettivamente 65.4% e 87.2%, quest’ultimo dovuto a 10 risultati debolmente positivi su campioni di urina e considarati come probabili falsi positivi. Sono stati calcolati un PPV di 60.7%, un NPV di 89.3% e una concordanza tra i due operatori del 95.7%. Infine, la differenza stimata tra tempo di diagnosi con RDT e coltura è risultata essere mediamente di 23 ore. Conclusioni. I risultati ottenuti confermano l’immunotest a flusso laterale come un potenziale metodo di diagnosi rapida affidabile. Tuttavia, l’RDT testato, al momento, possiede caratteristiche di sensibilità e specificità non idonee, soprattutto se testato su urine.
Lateral Flow Immunoassay for early diagnosis of melioidosis in Laos. Comparing a Point of Care test with culture.
RIZZI, MARIA CHIARA
2017/2018
Abstract
Background. Burkholderia pseudomallei is an environmental, Gram negative, rod-shaped bacterium which can affect humans causing a neglected infectious disease called melioidosis. Melioidosis is difficult to diagnose clinically. Culture of Burkholderia pseudomallei is the current gold standard culture of Burkholderia pseudomallei but a definitive result takes time and has an estimated sensitivity of 60.2%. Since the disease has a high mortality and B. pseudomallei has intrinsic resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as ceftriaxone, a point of care tool could improve the management and outcome of patients with melioidosis. Methodology/Principal findings. Between June and October 2017, we conducted a study at Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane (Laos, Southeastern Asia) to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a Lateral Flow Immunoassay Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and determine how much it could reduce the time to diagnosis. We enrolled patients with clinically suspected melioidosis. The performance of RDT was compared with culture using plasma, buffy coat, whole blood, urine, sputum and pus samples when available. The patient was considered positive on RDT if at least one of the samples was positive. RDTs were independently read by two operators to evaluate inter-operator variability. Time to diagnosis was compared using the time of the first positive RDT and the time for the first presumptive culture result (defined as a positive latex agglutination test on blood culture broth or suspect colonies). We enrolled 112 patients and 26 (23.2%) were culture-positive for B. pseudomallei. We used RDT on 106 whole blood, plasma and buffy coat samples, 96 urines, 28 sputa and 20 pus samples. RDT sensitivity and specificity were 65.4% and 87.2%, the latter related to 10 weak-positive reactions on urine samples, considered likely false positives. We calculated a PPV of 60.7%, an NPV of 89.3% and a 95.7% concordance rate; time to diagnosis decreased by a mean of 23 hours. Conclusions. Our findings confirm the potential for a reliable point of care tool to reduce the time to diagnosis of melioidosis. However, the tested RDT currently has a disappointing sensitivity and specificity problems when testing urine samples.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/22286