Yeasts of the genera Brettanomyces resist to the hostile wine conditions (high acidity, low pH, high levels of ethanol), contaminating the wine and producing volatile phenols that spoil its aromatic features. The outcome of this process is an economic loss for wine producers. This study determine through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) the volatile phenols occurrences (μg/L) in the selected sample for a total of 110 wine samples of barbera e nebbiolo from the southern area of Piedmont. We inquired on the correlation between the presence of 4-ethylphenol and the presence of 4-ethylguaiacol. Results are consistent with previous research [Ávila e Ayub (2013), Pollinitz et al. (2000), Henschke et al. (2004)]; they showed that the quantity of these two phenols is directly proportional: the increase in the 4-ethylphenol level determines the increase in the 4-ethylguaiacol level. Moreover we inquired on the correlation between the 4-ethylphenol and the vine variety and the results showed that there is not a strong correlation as long as the analyzed samples is concerned. 80 samples, which had 4-ethylphenol higher than 200 μg/L, were cultured in selective agar plate Dekkera/Brettanomyces Differential Medium (DBDM). Results showed the limits of this analysis methodology, among which the difficulty of revealing Vitable But Non Culturable (VBNC) cells. VBNC cells can be quantified through a more precise molecular analysis. 59 samples were analysed using three different methodologies: the Hplc, the culture in Selective Agar Plate and the Real- Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (q-PCR). The combined employment of the different methodologies offered a better perspective on the results and gave the opportunity to identify with certainty the degree of contamination. Knowing the exact amount of 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol makes possible an efficient intervention in order to improve the quality of the product and to avoid enormous economic loss for the producers. Finally, we inquired on the possible correlation between the quantity of 4-ethylphenol and the climate in the region considered. We analysed 368 wine samples (vinified from barbera and nebbiolo vine varieties) produced throughout a period of 5 years, from 2013 and 2017. The results show a positive correlation for the years 2013 and 2017. 2013 was a rainy year and, due to the general climate change, humidity raised causing increase for the fungi genesis and therefore the contamination of Brettanomyces. On the contrary, 2017 was a droughty year: scarcity of water for the vine and for Brettanomyces resulted in low levels of contamination.
I leviti appartenenti al genere Brettanomyces resistono all'ambiente ostile del vino, lo contaminano e ivi producono fenoli volatili deterioranti il profilo aromatico del vino stesso rappresentando una perdita economica per i produttori di vino. In questo studio si sono determinate, mediante cromatografia liquida ad alte prestazioni (HPLC), le concentrazioni di fenoli volatili (μg/L) in 110campioni di vino appartenenti a due importanti vitigni del sud Piemonte ovvero il Barbera e il Nebbiolo. Si sono indagate le possibili relazioni tra il contenuto di 4-etilfenolo e quello di 4-etilguiacolo calcolando il rapporto più frequente tra i due metaboliti. I risultati hanno confermato i dati riportati in letteratura; i due metaboliti sono direttamente proporzionali e regolati da rapporti fissi. Si sono studiate possibili connessioni tra il contenuto di 4-etilfenolo e il vitigno dimostrando, per i casi analizzati, l'assenza di una stretta relazione. Su 80 campioni che presentavano concentrazioni di 4-etilfenolo maggiori della soglia di percezione (>200 μg/L) è stata ricercata la presenza di cellule coltivabili di Brettanomyces tramite coltura in piastra Petri su terreno selettivo agarizzato Dekkera/Brettanomyces Differential Medium (DBDM). I risultati discordanti hanno evidenziato diversi limiti del metodo colturale tra cui l'impossibilità di rilevare le cellule in stato Vitable But Non Culturable (VBNC) quantificabili attraverso ricerche più specifiche in ambito molecolare. Oltre all'analisi in HPLC e a quella in piastra, su 59 campioni si sono quantificate tutte le cellule di Brettanomyces (cell/mL) tramite Real- Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (q-PCR) dimostrando che solo dall'integrazione dei tre risultati si riesce a identificare con sicurezza lo stato della contaminazione in modo da adottare misure efficaci contribuendo al miglioramento della qualità generale dei vini piemontesi ed evitando ingenti perdite economiche. Infine si è indagata una possibile correlazione tra il contenuto di 4-etilfenolo e l'andamento climatico in 368 campioni di vino, sempre ottenuti da uve barbera e nebbiolo, appartenenti a diverse annate comprese tra il 2013 e il 2017. Lo studio ha però permesso di evidenziare una connessione soprattutto nelle annate con risultati di contaminazione opposti. In annate particolarmente piovose come il 2013, la progressiva meridionalizzazione del clima ha amplificato l'effetto dell'umidità nel favorire la crescita, in generale, di funghi e quindi anche la contaminazione da parte di Brettanomyces. Viceversa in annate siccitose come il 2017, essendo scarsa l'acqua a disposizione sia per la vite che per i Brettanomyces, si assiste ai minimi livelli di contaminazione.
Ricerca di Brettanomyces e quantificazione dei suoi metaboliti, 4-etilfenolo e 4-etilguaiacolo, in vini piemontesi ottenuti da uve di vitigno Barbera e Nebbiolo.
BERA, ILARIA
2017/2018
Abstract
Yeasts of the genera Brettanomyces resist to the hostile wine conditions (high acidity, low pH, high levels of ethanol), contaminating the wine and producing volatile phenols that spoil its aromatic features. The outcome of this process is an economic loss for wine producers. This study determine through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) the volatile phenols occurrences (μg/L) in the selected sample for a total of 110 wine samples of barbera e nebbiolo from the southern area of Piedmont. We inquired on the correlation between the presence of 4-ethylphenol and the presence of 4-ethylguaiacol. Results are consistent with previous research [Ávila e Ayub (2013), Pollinitz et al. (2000), Henschke et al. (2004)]; they showed that the quantity of these two phenols is directly proportional: the increase in the 4-ethylphenol level determines the increase in the 4-ethylguaiacol level. Moreover we inquired on the correlation between the 4-ethylphenol and the vine variety and the results showed that there is not a strong correlation as long as the analyzed samples is concerned. 80 samples, which had 4-ethylphenol higher than 200 μg/L, were cultured in selective agar plate Dekkera/Brettanomyces Differential Medium (DBDM). Results showed the limits of this analysis methodology, among which the difficulty of revealing Vitable But Non Culturable (VBNC) cells. VBNC cells can be quantified through a more precise molecular analysis. 59 samples were analysed using three different methodologies: the Hplc, the culture in Selective Agar Plate and the Real- Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (q-PCR). The combined employment of the different methodologies offered a better perspective on the results and gave the opportunity to identify with certainty the degree of contamination. Knowing the exact amount of 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol makes possible an efficient intervention in order to improve the quality of the product and to avoid enormous economic loss for the producers. Finally, we inquired on the possible correlation between the quantity of 4-ethylphenol and the climate in the region considered. We analysed 368 wine samples (vinified from barbera and nebbiolo vine varieties) produced throughout a period of 5 years, from 2013 and 2017. The results show a positive correlation for the years 2013 and 2017. 2013 was a rainy year and, due to the general climate change, humidity raised causing increase for the fungi genesis and therefore the contamination of Brettanomyces. On the contrary, 2017 was a droughty year: scarcity of water for the vine and for Brettanomyces resulted in low levels of contamination.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
Per maggiori informazioni e per verifiche sull'eventuale disponibilità del file scrivere a: unitesi@unipv.it.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/22863