Blood culture is one of the most important tests of the clinical laboratory and consists in the isolation of blood microorganisms, considered the gold standard in the microbiological field for the crucial implications of diagnosing and treating patients with bacterium and sepsis. For bacteremia is meant the passing of microorganisms in the circulatory stream. It may also be a transient and transient condition, not accompanied by clinical symptoms, when the penetrated bacteria are quickly removed from the immune defense of the host. But instead of microorganisms, for many factors (for example: host conditions, high infectious charge, etc…), they manage to overcome the defense systems, there is the onset of systemic infection. Sepsis is one of the most important challenges in hospital departments, since this is a serious pathological condition that has caused and continues to cause high mortality; occurs when the body's response to an infection damages its own tissues and organs. Positive blood culture can indicate and confirm the presence of an etiologic agent; the reliability of the results obtained in the laboratory, the early results, have a significant effect on the diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis, determining the correct use of antibiotic therapies, reducing hospitalization days, and improving patient conditions. In sepsis, infections are often due to the presence of prosthetic material, the elective seat for formation of bacterial biofilms. Biofilm is defined as a heterogeneous structure, consisting of microbicides of microbial cells, also of different species, immersed in an extracellular polysaccharide matrix (slime) produced by them. It is estimated that over 80% of microbial infections in the human body are related to the formation of biofilms that significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality, especially in the hospital environment. The purpose of my work was to: • to evaluate the state of the art on the important diagnostic test of emigration and the appropriateness of the request. It is probably a sub-required examination by the various hospital departments. • to learn the correct procedures of this test: pre-analytical phase, intra-analytical phase and post-analytical phase. • the clinical cases, which are the subject of our study, concern: - the removal of the pacemaker due to biofilm formation; - suspect of sepsis pregnant woman (suspect Listeria monocytogenes); - the sepsis of Proteus mirabilis, bladder catheter as a source of origin. From this work it is shown that blood culture is an extremely useful diagnostic test. Its proper use benefits primarily to the patient, but also to health and public health, allows for a targeted and direct therapeutic approach, avoiding inappropriate use of antibiotics. Improper use of antibiotics permits the development of resistance by bacteria, as the world of bacteria is evolving. More and more the words of one of the fathers of bacteriology, Alexander Fleming, in his speech at the Nobel Prize ceremony, arguing that antibiotic resistance was an inevitable evolutionary phenomenon, but what was most concerned about was the possibility that the use of antibiotics could speed up its development and spread. The three cases chosen as an example in this thesis report three different situations in different departments of our Hospital but confirmed that the laboratory examination of emigration was crucial in the deduction of diagnosis and therapeutic choice, even when the blood culture has reported a negative outcome. It should be emphasized that the correct execution of blood culture is important when all the health care team involved respects the guidelines from the pre-analytical phase to the analytical and post-analytical stages.
L’Emocoltura è uno degli esami più importanti, considerato il gold standard in campo microbiologico per le implicazioni cruciali che ha nella diagnosi e nel trattamento dei pazienti affetti da batteriemie e sepsi. Per batteriemia si intende il passaggio di microrganismi nel torrente circolatorio. Essa può anche essere una condizione saltuaria e transitoria, non accompagnata da sintomatologia clinica, quando i batteri penetrati vengono in breve tempo rimossi dalle difese immunitarie dell’ospite. Se invece i microrganismi, per molteplici fattori (per esempio: condizioni dell’ospite, alta carica infettante, ecc..), riescono a superare i sistemi di difesa, si assiste all’esordio di un’infezione sistemica. La sepsi è una delle sfide più importanti nei reparti ospedalieri, poiché si tratta di una grave condizione patologica, si manifesta quando la risposta dell’organismo ad un’infezione danneggia i suoi stessi tessuti e organi. L’emocoltura positiva può indicare e confermare la presenza di un agente eziologico; l’attendibilità degli esiti ottenuti in laboratorio, i risultati precoci, si ripercuotono significativamente nella diagnosi e nella prognosi della sepsi, determinando il corretto uso di terapie antibiotiche, la riduzione dei giorni di ospedalizzazione e miglioramento delle condizioni del paziente. Nelle sepsi, spesso le infezioni sono riconducibili alla presenza di materiale protesico, sede elettiva di formazione di biofilm batterici. Si definisce Biofilm una struttura eterogenea, costituito da microcolonie di cellule microbiche, anche di specie diverse, immerse in una matrice polisaccaridica extracellulare (slime), da essi stessi prodotta. Si stima che oltre l’80% delle infezioni microbiche nel corpo umano siano correlate alla formazione di biofilm che contribuiscono, in maniera significativa, alla morbilità e mortalità, specialmente in ambiente ospedaliero. Lo scopo del mio lavoro è stato quello di:•valutare lo stato dell'arte sull’importante test diagnostico dell’emocoltura e sull’appropriatezza della richiesta. Probabilmente è un esame sotto-richiesto dai vari reparti di degenza. •apprendere le corrette procedure di tale test: fase pre-analitica, fase intra-analitica e fase post-analitica •i casi clinici, oggetto del nostro studio, riguardano:-la rimozione del pacemaker a causa della formazione di biofilm;-il sospetto di sepsi donna gravida (sospetto di Listeria monocytogenes);-la sepsi a carico di Proteus mirabilis, catetere vescicale come fonte di origine. Da questo lavoro si evince che l’Emocoltura è un test diagnostico estremamente utile. Il suo utilizzo appropriato porta benefici principalmente al paziente, ma anche alla sanità e alla salute pubblica, permette infatti un approccio terapeutico mirato e diretto, evitando l’uso inappropriato di antibiotici. L’uso scorretto degli antibiotici permette lo sviluppo di resistenza da parte dei batteri, poiché il mondo dei batteri è in evoluzione. Si avvalorano sempre di più le parole di uno dei padri della batteriologia, Alexander Fleming nel suo discorso tenuto alla consegna del Premio Nobel, sostenendo che l’antibiotico-resistenza è un fenomeno evolutivo inevitabile, ma ciò che più lo preoccupava era la possibilità che l’uso scorretto di antibiotici potesse velocizzarne lo sviluppo e la diffusione. I tre casi scelti come esempio in questa tesi, riportano infatti tre situazioni differenti vissuti in reparti diversi del nostro Ospedale ma che hanno confermato come l’esame di laboratorio dell’emocoltura sia stato cruciale nella deduzione della diagnosi e nella scelta terapeutica, anche quando l’emocoltura ha riportato un esito negativo. È opportuno sottolineare che la corretta esecuzione dell’emocoltura è importante quando tutta l’equipe sanitaria coinvolta, rispetta le linee guida della fase pre/intra e post-analitica.
EMOCOLTURA: analisi delle criticità, osservazione di una popolazione locale e casi clinici
RAGO, NOEMI CONCETTA IMMACOLATA
2016/2017
Abstract
Blood culture is one of the most important tests of the clinical laboratory and consists in the isolation of blood microorganisms, considered the gold standard in the microbiological field for the crucial implications of diagnosing and treating patients with bacterium and sepsis. For bacteremia is meant the passing of microorganisms in the circulatory stream. It may also be a transient and transient condition, not accompanied by clinical symptoms, when the penetrated bacteria are quickly removed from the immune defense of the host. But instead of microorganisms, for many factors (for example: host conditions, high infectious charge, etc…), they manage to overcome the defense systems, there is the onset of systemic infection. Sepsis is one of the most important challenges in hospital departments, since this is a serious pathological condition that has caused and continues to cause high mortality; occurs when the body's response to an infection damages its own tissues and organs. Positive blood culture can indicate and confirm the presence of an etiologic agent; the reliability of the results obtained in the laboratory, the early results, have a significant effect on the diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis, determining the correct use of antibiotic therapies, reducing hospitalization days, and improving patient conditions. In sepsis, infections are often due to the presence of prosthetic material, the elective seat for formation of bacterial biofilms. Biofilm is defined as a heterogeneous structure, consisting of microbicides of microbial cells, also of different species, immersed in an extracellular polysaccharide matrix (slime) produced by them. It is estimated that over 80% of microbial infections in the human body are related to the formation of biofilms that significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality, especially in the hospital environment. The purpose of my work was to: • to evaluate the state of the art on the important diagnostic test of emigration and the appropriateness of the request. It is probably a sub-required examination by the various hospital departments. • to learn the correct procedures of this test: pre-analytical phase, intra-analytical phase and post-analytical phase. • the clinical cases, which are the subject of our study, concern: - the removal of the pacemaker due to biofilm formation; - suspect of sepsis pregnant woman (suspect Listeria monocytogenes); - the sepsis of Proteus mirabilis, bladder catheter as a source of origin. From this work it is shown that blood culture is an extremely useful diagnostic test. Its proper use benefits primarily to the patient, but also to health and public health, allows for a targeted and direct therapeutic approach, avoiding inappropriate use of antibiotics. Improper use of antibiotics permits the development of resistance by bacteria, as the world of bacteria is evolving. More and more the words of one of the fathers of bacteriology, Alexander Fleming, in his speech at the Nobel Prize ceremony, arguing that antibiotic resistance was an inevitable evolutionary phenomenon, but what was most concerned about was the possibility that the use of antibiotics could speed up its development and spread. The three cases chosen as an example in this thesis report three different situations in different departments of our Hospital but confirmed that the laboratory examination of emigration was crucial in the deduction of diagnosis and therapeutic choice, even when the blood culture has reported a negative outcome. It should be emphasized that the correct execution of blood culture is important when all the health care team involved respects the guidelines from the pre-analytical phase to the analytical and post-analytical stages.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
Per maggiori informazioni e per verifiche sull'eventuale disponibilità del file scrivere a: unitesi@unipv.it.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/23746