Rheumatoid arthritis (AR) and psoriatic arthritis (AP) are the two most common inflammatory arthritis, both characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane leading to irreversible joint damage and disability. Despite a similar impact on functional capacity and quality of life, AR and AP are two clinically distinct illnesses. The differences appear even more significant from the point of view of pathophysiology. Indeed, in the spectrum of immunological diseases, AR is traditionally considered an autoimmune condition characterized by the presence of autoantibodies such as rheumatoid factor (FR) and citrullinated anti-peptide antibodies (ACPAs). In contrast, AP is considered an inflammatory disease, with an important role in innate immunity. Despite these clinical and pathophysiological differences, both AR and AP are complex and heterogeneous conditions. In AR, a major distinction is made based on the presence of circulating autoantibodies, which identify a homogeneous subset from a pathogenic point of view and characterized by greater clinical aggressiveness. In the AP, on the other hand, shapes are observed where articular involvement is limited to a small number of joints, and polyarticular shapes similar to AR. These differences have important clinical and, above all, therapeutic repercussions. In fact, some drugs that interfere with adaptive immune response such as inhibition of lymphocyte T costimulation and lymphocyte anti-B therapies are more effective in AR seropositive (positive for FR and / or ACPA). On the contrary, anti-inflammatory drugs such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are equally effective in seronegative AR and AP. However, the pathophysiological bases of the heterogeneity described are not entirely clarified. The synovial membrane constitutes the target tissue of both pathologies, and it can be assumed that an in-depth study of the characteristics of synovial inflammation can contribute to understanding the clinical phenotype of the different AR and AP subset and to guide the most effective therapeutic choices. In this thesis, we have analyzed the local and systemic immune system inflammation and activation characteristics in a large population of AR and AP, stratified based on the presence of circulating autoantibodies (AR seropositive vs. AR seronegative) and type Articular involvement (polyarticular AP vs. AP oligoarticular). An in-depth clinical, histopathological study of the synovial membrane and serum was performed. Overall, in the face of similar inflammatory features, we have encountered significant differences in the activation of Lymphocytes B at the local and systemic level. This was found to be the highest in AR seropositive, minimal in the oligoarticular, and intermediate in the seronegative AR and the polyarticular AP, which appeared to be similar. These results help to understand clinical heterogeneity within the same disease and pave the way for future studies aimed at investigating the possibility of therapeutic approaches driven by pathological mechanisms rather than by the clinical classification of arthritis.
L'artrite reumatoide (AR) e l'artrite psoriasica (AP) sono le due artriti infiammatorie più frequenti, entrambe caratterizzate da infiammazione cronica della membrana sinoviale che conduce a danno articolare irreversibile e disabilità. Nonostante un impatto simile sulla capacità funzionale e sulla qualità della vita, l’AR e la AP rappresentano due malattie clinicamente distinte. Le differenze appaiono ancor più notevoli dal punto di vista fisiopatologico. Infatti, nello spettro delle malattie immunologiche, l’AR è tradizionalmente considerata una condizione autoimmune, caratterizzata dalla presenza di autoanticorpi quali il fattore reumatoide (FR) e gli anticorpi anti-peptidi citrullinati (ACPA). Al contrario, l’AP viene considerata una malattia infiammatoria, con un ruolo importante dell’immunità innata. Nonostante queste differenze cliniche e fisiopatologiche, sia l’AR che l’AP sono condizioni complesse ed eterogenee. Nell’AR, una importante distinzione viene fatta sulla base della presenza di autoanticorpi circolanti, che identificano un subset omogeneo dal punto di vista patogenetico e caratterizzato da maggior aggressività clinica. Nell’AP, di contro, si osservano forme in cui l’interessamento articolare è limitato ad un numero ristretto di articolazioni, e forme poliarticolari del tutto simili all’AR. Tali differenze hanno importanti ripercussioni cliniche e, soprattutto, terapeutiche. Infatti, alcuni farmaci che interferiscono con la risposta immune adattativa, quali l’inibizione della costimolazione T linfocitaria e le terapie anti-B linfocitarie, sono più efficaci nell’AR sieropositiva (positiva per FR e/o ACPA). Al contrario, farmaci anti-infiammatori quali gli inibitori del tumor necrosis factor (TNF) sono ugualmente efficaci nell’AR sieronegativa e nell’AP. Le basi fisiopatologiche dell’eterogeneità descritta non sono però del tutto chiarite. La membrana sinoviale costituisce il tessuto bersaglio di entrambe le patologie, ed è possibile ipotizzare che uno studio approfondito delle caratteristiche dell’infiammazione sinoviale possa contribuire a comprendere il fenotipo clinico dei diversi subsets di AR e AP e a guidare le scelte terapeutiche più efficaci. Nella presente Tesi di Laurea Sperimentale, abbiamo analizzato le caratteristiche di infiammazione e di attivazione immunologica locale e sistemica in un’ampia popolazione di AR e di AP, stratificata sulla base della presenza di autoanticorpi circolanti (AR sieropositiva vs AR sieronegativa) e del tipo di interessamento articolare (AP poliarticolare vs AP oligoarticolare). E’ stato effettuato un approfondito studio clinico, istopatologico della membrana sinoviale e del siero. Complessivamente, a fronte di caratteristiche infiammatorie simili, abbiamo potuto riscontrare importanti differenze nell’entità di attivazione dei linfociti B a livello locale e sistemico. Questa è risultata massima nell’AR sieropositiva, minima nell’AP oligoarticolare, e intermedia nell’AR sieronegativa e nell’AP poliarticolare, che sono apparse tra loro simili. Questi risultati aiutano a comprendere l’eterogeneità clinica nell’ambito di una stessa malattia e aprono la strada a studi futuri volti ad indagare la possibilità di approcci terapeutici guidati dai meccanismi patologici piuttosto che dalla classificazione clinica delle artriti.
Artrite reumatoide e artrite psoriasica a confronto: caratteristiche istopatologiche e sierologiche nei diversi subset di malattia
GRECO, MARIA IMMACOLATA
2016/2017
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (AR) and psoriatic arthritis (AP) are the two most common inflammatory arthritis, both characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane leading to irreversible joint damage and disability. Despite a similar impact on functional capacity and quality of life, AR and AP are two clinically distinct illnesses. The differences appear even more significant from the point of view of pathophysiology. Indeed, in the spectrum of immunological diseases, AR is traditionally considered an autoimmune condition characterized by the presence of autoantibodies such as rheumatoid factor (FR) and citrullinated anti-peptide antibodies (ACPAs). In contrast, AP is considered an inflammatory disease, with an important role in innate immunity. Despite these clinical and pathophysiological differences, both AR and AP are complex and heterogeneous conditions. In AR, a major distinction is made based on the presence of circulating autoantibodies, which identify a homogeneous subset from a pathogenic point of view and characterized by greater clinical aggressiveness. In the AP, on the other hand, shapes are observed where articular involvement is limited to a small number of joints, and polyarticular shapes similar to AR. These differences have important clinical and, above all, therapeutic repercussions. In fact, some drugs that interfere with adaptive immune response such as inhibition of lymphocyte T costimulation and lymphocyte anti-B therapies are more effective in AR seropositive (positive for FR and / or ACPA). On the contrary, anti-inflammatory drugs such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are equally effective in seronegative AR and AP. However, the pathophysiological bases of the heterogeneity described are not entirely clarified. The synovial membrane constitutes the target tissue of both pathologies, and it can be assumed that an in-depth study of the characteristics of synovial inflammation can contribute to understanding the clinical phenotype of the different AR and AP subset and to guide the most effective therapeutic choices. In this thesis, we have analyzed the local and systemic immune system inflammation and activation characteristics in a large population of AR and AP, stratified based on the presence of circulating autoantibodies (AR seropositive vs. AR seronegative) and type Articular involvement (polyarticular AP vs. AP oligoarticular). An in-depth clinical, histopathological study of the synovial membrane and serum was performed. Overall, in the face of similar inflammatory features, we have encountered significant differences in the activation of Lymphocytes B at the local and systemic level. This was found to be the highest in AR seropositive, minimal in the oligoarticular, and intermediate in the seronegative AR and the polyarticular AP, which appeared to be similar. These results help to understand clinical heterogeneity within the same disease and pave the way for future studies aimed at investigating the possibility of therapeutic approaches driven by pathological mechanisms rather than by the clinical classification of arthritis.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/24716