Background and aims. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary humoral immunodeficiency characterized by reduced serum levels of IgG, IgA and/or IgM, reduced/absent antibody production, recurrent infections, autoimmune phenomena and lymphoproliferation. Gastrointestinal symptoms in CVID patients were reported to be as high as 50%. Apart from Giardia Lamblia infection, also intestinal lesions such as celiac-like villous atrophy, Crohn’s-like lesions, nodular lymphoid hyperplasia and graft versus-host lesions have been described. Mortality in CVID is higher than in the general population and mainly due to non-infective complications (onco-hematological disorders, autoimmunity, enteropathy). Male sex, high levels of IgM and lower levels of IgG were associated with poorer survival. Aim of our study was to evaluate mortality rates and clinical predictors of survival in a cohort of patients with CVID and villous atrophy referred to our Centre in the last 15 years. Patients and methods. Sex, age at first duodenal biopsy, age at death/last follow-up, type of complication (infectious vs onco-immunological), HLA typing and levels of serum IgM were retrospectively collected from medical files of 15 patients with CVID and villous atrophy. Univariate analysis for each predictor was conducted and Kaplan-Meier curves were generated to evaluate survival. For each predictor hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were computed. Finally, global mortality rate in our cohort was compared with data in the literature (Resnick et al. Blood 2012;119:1650-7) Results 15 adults patients (6F, mean age at diagnosis of CVID 42±12 years) were followed up for a median of 96 months (84-156, 25°-75°). 9 of them died after a median follow-up of 84 months (25°-75°, 36-96 months). Causes of death included 5 onco-hematological disorder, 2 infections and were unknown in 2 patients. In two patients concomitant Giardia Lamblia infection was found. Estimated overall mortality rate is 69 per 1000 persons/year. Survival analysis shows that death can occur also after many years from the initial diagnosis of villous atrophy. Only 31% of our patients were still alive after a cumulative follow-up of 131 persons/year. Mortality was found to be much higher in male then in female (106 vs. 18/1000 years) although p was =0.059. Age at diagnosis was not associated with reduced survival. Finally, global mortality rate in our cohort of patients is nearly seven-folds higher than in the paper by Resnick et al. HLA DQ2 was found in 8/15 patients and HLA DQ7 in 8/15, but genetic features did not influence significatively mortality rates. Type of complication (infectious vs onco-hematological) does not affect mortality significantly in our cohort. Conclusions Although probably biased by the referral nature of the study and its small sample size, our results clearly show that patients with CVID and villous atrophy are burdened by a very high mortality. Age at diagnosis and male sex could be used as clinical predictors of mortality to address personalized follow-up. Since death can occur also many years after the initial diagnosis of villous atrophy a strict follow-up is required in this group of patients.
Introduzione e scopo L’immunodeficit comune variabile (IDCV) è un’immunodeficienza primaria caratterizzata da bassi livelli di IgG, IgA e/o IgM, da una riduzione/assenza nella produzione di anticorpi, da infezioni ricorrenti, fenomeni autoimmuni e linfoproliferativi. La mortalità nei pazienti con IDCV è maggiore rispetto alla popolazione generale e principalmente correlata a complicanze non infettive (disordini oncoematologici, patologie autoimmuni, enteropatie).Alcuni fattori come il sesso maschile, gli alti livelli di IgM e i ridotti livelli di IgG sono stati descritti in associazione ad una ridotta sopravvivenza dei pazienti con IDCV. Oltre all’infezione dovuta a Giardia Lamblia, sono stati descritti anche altri tipi di lesioni istologiche come l’atrofia dei villi simil-malattia celiaca, lesioni simil-malattia di Crohn, iperplasia nodulare linfoide e lesioni a tipo graft versus host disease. Lo scopo del nostro studio è quello di analizzare i tassi di mortalità e il ruolo prognostico di alcuni predittori demografici, clinici e genetici in una coorte di pazienti con IDCV e atrofia dei villi inviati al nostro Centro negli ultimi 15 anni. Materiali e metodi Abbiamo raccolto retrospettivamente i dati relativi al sesso, all’età alla prima biopsia duodenale, all’età di morte/ultimo follow-up, al tipo di complicanze (infettive vs oncoimmunologiche), all’HLA e ai livelli sierici di IgM. Successivamente abbiamo condotto un’analisi univariata per ciascun predittore e sono state generate curve di Kaplan-Meyer per analizzare la sopravvivenza cumulativa. Per ciascun predittore abbiamo calcolato gli hazard ratio e gli intervalli di confidenza esatti al 95%. Infine, il tasso di mortalità globale della nostra coorte è stato confrontato con i dati presenti in letteratura (Resnick et al. Blood 2012;119:1650-7). Risultati: 15 pazienti adulti (6F, età media alla diagnosi di IDCV 42±12 anni) sono stati seguiti per un tempo mediano di 96 mesi (84-156,25°-75°). 9 di questi sono morti dopo un follow up mediano di 84 mesi (36-96, 25°-75°). Le cause di morte includono 5 patologie oncoematologiche, 2 infettive e 2 non note. Il tasso di mortalità globale stimato è di 69 per 1000 persone/anno. Le analisi di sopravvivenza mostrano come il decesso può avvenire anche dopo molti anni dall’iniziale diagnosi di atrofia dei villi. Solo il 31% dei pazienti è ancora in vita dopo un follow-up cumulativo di 131 persone/anno. La mortalità è risultata più elevata nei pazienti di sesso maschile rispetto a quelli di sesso femminile (106 vs 18/1000 anno), tuttavia p=0.0059. L’età alla diagnosi non è significativamente associata ad una ridotta sopravvivenza. Infine, il tasso di mortalità globale nella nostra coorte di pazienti è circa 7 volte maggiore rispetto al tasso di mortalità evidenziato dallo studio di Resnick et al. L’HLA DQ2 è stato trovato in 8 pazienti su 15, mentre l’HLA DQ7 è stato trovato in 8 pazienti su 15, tuttavia i fattori genetici non influenzano significativamente il tasso di mortalità. I tipi di complicanze, non impattano in maniera significativa sulla mortalità nella nostra coorte. Conclusioni Sebbene i nostri risultati possano essere stati influenzati da un referral bias dovuto alla natura intrinseca dello studio e dalla bassa numerosità campionaria, essi mostrano come i pazienti con IDCV e atrofia dei villi siano gravati da un’aumentata mortalità. Dal momento che ad oggi non esistono linee guida per il follow-up dei pazienti con IDCV e atrofia dei villi, noi riteniamo che i nostri risultati possano rappresentare uno step iniziale per l’impostazione di un follow-up personalizzato basato sull’impiego di età alla diagnosi e sesso come predittori di mortalità. Dal momento che la morte può avvenire anche molti anni dopo la diagnosi di atrofia dei villi è necessario mantenere un follow-up per molti anni.
Immunodeficit comune variabile e atrofia della mucosa duodenale: studio della mortalità e analisi del ruolo prognostico di fattori demografici, genetici e clinici.
PENSIERI, MARIA VITTORIA
2016/2017
Abstract
Background and aims. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary humoral immunodeficiency characterized by reduced serum levels of IgG, IgA and/or IgM, reduced/absent antibody production, recurrent infections, autoimmune phenomena and lymphoproliferation. Gastrointestinal symptoms in CVID patients were reported to be as high as 50%. Apart from Giardia Lamblia infection, also intestinal lesions such as celiac-like villous atrophy, Crohn’s-like lesions, nodular lymphoid hyperplasia and graft versus-host lesions have been described. Mortality in CVID is higher than in the general population and mainly due to non-infective complications (onco-hematological disorders, autoimmunity, enteropathy). Male sex, high levels of IgM and lower levels of IgG were associated with poorer survival. Aim of our study was to evaluate mortality rates and clinical predictors of survival in a cohort of patients with CVID and villous atrophy referred to our Centre in the last 15 years. Patients and methods. Sex, age at first duodenal biopsy, age at death/last follow-up, type of complication (infectious vs onco-immunological), HLA typing and levels of serum IgM were retrospectively collected from medical files of 15 patients with CVID and villous atrophy. Univariate analysis for each predictor was conducted and Kaplan-Meier curves were generated to evaluate survival. For each predictor hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were computed. Finally, global mortality rate in our cohort was compared with data in the literature (Resnick et al. Blood 2012;119:1650-7) Results 15 adults patients (6F, mean age at diagnosis of CVID 42±12 years) were followed up for a median of 96 months (84-156, 25°-75°). 9 of them died after a median follow-up of 84 months (25°-75°, 36-96 months). Causes of death included 5 onco-hematological disorder, 2 infections and were unknown in 2 patients. In two patients concomitant Giardia Lamblia infection was found. Estimated overall mortality rate is 69 per 1000 persons/year. Survival analysis shows that death can occur also after many years from the initial diagnosis of villous atrophy. Only 31% of our patients were still alive after a cumulative follow-up of 131 persons/year. Mortality was found to be much higher in male then in female (106 vs. 18/1000 years) although p was =0.059. Age at diagnosis was not associated with reduced survival. Finally, global mortality rate in our cohort of patients is nearly seven-folds higher than in the paper by Resnick et al. HLA DQ2 was found in 8/15 patients and HLA DQ7 in 8/15, but genetic features did not influence significatively mortality rates. Type of complication (infectious vs onco-hematological) does not affect mortality significantly in our cohort. Conclusions Although probably biased by the referral nature of the study and its small sample size, our results clearly show that patients with CVID and villous atrophy are burdened by a very high mortality. Age at diagnosis and male sex could be used as clinical predictors of mortality to address personalized follow-up. Since death can occur also many years after the initial diagnosis of villous atrophy a strict follow-up is required in this group of patients.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/25714