For almost ten years, France – thanks to its colonial legacy – has operated in the Sahel region in the context of the War on Terror. The Elysée Palace initiated its intervention in 2012, following the Tuareg offensive that was jeopardizing the integrity of the Malian state. Opération Barkhane, the French counterinsurgency mission, fell within the framework of security force assistance, meaning a new low-cost approach avoiding direct military engagement and aiming at strengthening the partner’s military capacity through equipping and training. The thesis discusses the relationship between France and Mali in the background of the regional securitization process. Specifically, it is concerned with the core question of what explains France’s voluntary or involuntary withdrawal from Mali in 2022. The dissertation provides a fresh angle, as it analyses the severance of relations between the two sides with the lens of historical institutionalism, aiming to identify institutional changes in the security mechanism that pushed France and Mali to undertake different trajectories. Since historical institutionalism acknowledges the significant impact of power dynamics on understanding endogenous changes that disrupt the self-perpetuating cycle of institutions, the thesis examines the power dynamics elapsing between the two countries within the cadre of the G5 Sahel Joint Force, with the ultimate goal of adding a piece to answer to the research question. It will be shown that the asymmetric interdependence the sides gave rise to, prevented the G5S-JF from acquiring ownership over the securitization process and made it reliant on French support. Similarly, the French counterinsurgency strategy, being excessively oriented towards capacity-building and militarisation, increased regional instability and jeopardised the success of France’s intervention in the Sahel. The thesis argues that it is precisely the combination of asymmetric interdependence and excessive militarisation that, upstream, compromised the relationship between France and Mali, eventually leading to France’s withdrawal. They ushered in an intense Malian dissatisfaction with the security framework, which in turn acted as a fuse that set off events leading to France’s expulsion from Mali. Indeed, historical institutionalism allows “reactive sequence”, namely the chain of events occurring after a trigger, to infer causal mechanisms. The thesis, consistently with the procedure of historical institutionalism, reviews the intervening mechanisms that have contributed to the outcome, namely the Malian coups d’état, the reconfiguration of Barkhane, the military junta’s fresh inclination towards dialogue with jihadist groups, and the Wagner Group’s deployment in Mali.
Per quasi dieci anni la Francia – forte del suo retaggio coloniale – ha operato nella regione del Sahel nel contesto della Guerra al Terrorismo. L’Eliseo ha dato avvio al suo intervento nel 2012, successivamente all’offensiva dei Tuareg che stava mettendo a repentaglio l’integrità dello stato maliano. L’Opération Barkhane, la missione di contro-insurrezione francese, rientrava nel quadro dell’assistenza per la sicurezza (security force assistance), nonché un nuovo approccio a basso costo che evita l’impegno militare diretto e mira a rafforzare la capacità militare del partner beneficiario attraverso l’equipaggiamento e l’addestramento. L’oggetto della tesi è l’altalenante relazione costituitasi tra Francia e Mali sullo sfondo del processo di messa in sicurezza del Sahel. Nello specifico, la tesi indaga le ragioni che hanno condotto al ritiro volontario o involontario della Francia dal Mali nel 2022. La ricerca offre un punto di vista innovativo poiché analizza la rottura delle relazioni tra le due parti tramite la lente dell’istituzionalismo storico, con l’obiettivo di identificare i cambiamenti istituzionali nel meccanismo di sicurezza che hanno costretto Francia e Mali a intraprendere due traiettorie differenti. Giacché l’istituzionalismo storico riconosce l’importanza delle dinamiche di potere per comprendere eventuali cambiamenti endogeni che interrompono l’inerzia propria delle istituzioni, la tesi prende in esame le dinamiche di potere che intercorrono tra questi due stati nel quadro politico-militare della Forza Congiunta del G5 Sahel (G5S-Joint Force), con il fine ultimo di aggiungere un tassello alla domanda di ricerca. Si dimostrerà che l’interdipendenza asimmetrica che ne è derivata ha impedito alla Forza Congiunta di acquisire la titolarità del processo di securitizzazione e l’ha resa dipendente dal sostegno francese. Allo stesso modo, la strategia francese di contro-insurrezione, essendo eccessivamente orientata al rafforzamento della capacità militare e all’annientamento delle personalità di spicco dei gruppi jihadisti, ha aumentato l’instabilità regionale e ha compromesso la reputazione dell’intervento francese nel Sahel. La tesi sostiene che è proprio la combinazione di interdipendenza asimmetrica ed eccessiva militarizzazione che, a monte, ha deteriorato la relazione fra Francia e Mali, conducendo inesorabilmente al ritiro della Francia. Tali fattori hanno dato vita ad un’intensa insoddisfazione della popolazione maliana che, a sua volta, ha agito come una miccia che ha innescato una serie di eventi che hanno portato all’espulsione della Francia. In effetti, l’istituzionalismo storico consente di dedurre meccanismi causali dalla “sequenza reattiva”, ossia dalla catena di eventi che si verificano a seguito di un innesco. La tesi, coerentemente con la procedura dell’istituzionalismo, passa in rassegna i meccanismi intermedi che hanno contribuito all’esito, ovvero i colpi di stato in Mali, la riconfigurazione di Barkhane, la propensione della giunta militare ad intavolare un dialogo con i gruppi jihadisti e, infine, il dispiegamento del gruppo Wagner in Mali.
Francia e Mali ai ferri corti: Il Ritiro dell'Operazione Barkhane alla luce dell'Istituzionalismo Storico
PERONI, GIULIA
2023/2024
Abstract
For almost ten years, France – thanks to its colonial legacy – has operated in the Sahel region in the context of the War on Terror. The Elysée Palace initiated its intervention in 2012, following the Tuareg offensive that was jeopardizing the integrity of the Malian state. Opération Barkhane, the French counterinsurgency mission, fell within the framework of security force assistance, meaning a new low-cost approach avoiding direct military engagement and aiming at strengthening the partner’s military capacity through equipping and training. The thesis discusses the relationship between France and Mali in the background of the regional securitization process. Specifically, it is concerned with the core question of what explains France’s voluntary or involuntary withdrawal from Mali in 2022. The dissertation provides a fresh angle, as it analyses the severance of relations between the two sides with the lens of historical institutionalism, aiming to identify institutional changes in the security mechanism that pushed France and Mali to undertake different trajectories. Since historical institutionalism acknowledges the significant impact of power dynamics on understanding endogenous changes that disrupt the self-perpetuating cycle of institutions, the thesis examines the power dynamics elapsing between the two countries within the cadre of the G5 Sahel Joint Force, with the ultimate goal of adding a piece to answer to the research question. It will be shown that the asymmetric interdependence the sides gave rise to, prevented the G5S-JF from acquiring ownership over the securitization process and made it reliant on French support. Similarly, the French counterinsurgency strategy, being excessively oriented towards capacity-building and militarisation, increased regional instability and jeopardised the success of France’s intervention in the Sahel. The thesis argues that it is precisely the combination of asymmetric interdependence and excessive militarisation that, upstream, compromised the relationship between France and Mali, eventually leading to France’s withdrawal. They ushered in an intense Malian dissatisfaction with the security framework, which in turn acted as a fuse that set off events leading to France’s expulsion from Mali. Indeed, historical institutionalism allows “reactive sequence”, namely the chain of events occurring after a trigger, to infer causal mechanisms. The thesis, consistently with the procedure of historical institutionalism, reviews the intervening mechanisms that have contributed to the outcome, namely the Malian coups d’état, the reconfiguration of Barkhane, the military junta’s fresh inclination towards dialogue with jihadist groups, and the Wagner Group’s deployment in Mali.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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France and Mali at Loggerheads- Explaining Opération Barkhane's Withdrawal Through the Lens of Historical Institutionalism_pdfA.pdf
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Descrizione: The thesis is concerned with the question of what explains France’s withdrawal from Mali in 2022. The dissertation provides a fresh angle, as it analyses the severance of relations between the two sides with the lens of historical institutionalism
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/26125